Solutions

Calculate the mass percent $(m/m)$ for the solute in each of the following:

a. $75 g of NaOH$ in $325 g of NaOH$ solution.

b. $2.0 g of KOH$ and $20.0g of H_{2}O$

c. $48.5 g of N{a}_{2}C{O}_3$ in $250.0 g of N{a}_{2}C{O}_3$ solution.

Calculate the grams of solute needed to prepare each of the following:

a. $2.00 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 1.50 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$solution

b. $4.00 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 0.200 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}$ solution

c. $25.0 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 6.00 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$  solution

Calculate the grams of solute needed to prepare each of the following: 

a. $2.00 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 6.00 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$solution

b. $5.00 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 0.100 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{CaCl}}_2$ solution

c. $175 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 3.00 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{NaNO}}_3$ solution 

For each of the following solutions, calculate the:

a. liter of a $2.00 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KBr}$ solution to obtain $3.00 \mathrm{moles} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{KBr}$.

b. liter of a $1.50 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}$ solution to obtain $15.0 \mathrm{moles} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{NaCl}$.

c. milliliter of a $0.800 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ca}{\left({\mathrm{NO}}_3\right)}_2$ solution to obtain $0.0500 \mathrm{mole} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{Ca}{\left({\mathrm{Na}}_3\right)}_2$.

For each of the following solutions, calculate the: 

a. liters of a $4.00 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}$ solution to obtain $0.100 \mathrm{mole} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{KCl}$.

b. liters of a  $6.00 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$ solution to obtain $5.00 \mathrm{moles} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{HCl}$.

c. milliliters of a $2.50 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{K}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$ solution to obtain$1.20 \mathrm{moles} \mathrm{of} {\mathrm{K}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$.

Calculate the final concentration of each of the following:

a. 1.0Lof a 4.0M {HNO}3 solution is added to the water so that the final volume is 8.0L.

b. Water is added to 0.25 L of a 6.0 NaF solution to make 2.0L of a diluted NaF solution.

c. A 50.0mL sample of an 8.0 % KBr solution is diluted with water so that the final volume is 200.0mL.

d. A 5.0mL sample of a 50.0 % acetic acid $\left({\mathrm{HC}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_2\right)$ solution is added to water to give a final volume of 25mL..

Determine the final volume, in millilitres, of each of the following:

a. a 1.5 M HCL solution prepared from 20.0mL of a 6.0M HCl solution

b. a 2.0% (m/v) LiCl solution prepared from 50.0mL of a 10.0% (m/v) LiCl solution

c. a 0.500M${\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{PO}}_4$solution prepared from 50.0mL of a 6.00M ${\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{PO}}_4$ solution

d. a 5.0% (m/v) glucose solution prepared from 75ml of a 12 % (m/v) glucose solution

Calculate the final concentration of each of the following:

a. $2.0 L of a 6.0M HCl$ solution is added to water so that the final volume is $6.0 L.$

b. Water is added to $0.50 L of a 12M NaOH$ solution to make $3.0 L$ of a diluted $NaOH$ solution.

c. A $10.0 mL$ sample of a $25\% (m/v) KOH$ solution is diluted with water so that the final volume is $100.0 mL.$

d. A $50.0 mL$ sample of a $15\% (m/v) H_{2}S{O}_4$ solution is added to water to give a final volume of $250 mL$ 

Calculate the final concentration of each of the following:

a. $1.0 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 4.0 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{HNO}}_3$ solutions is added to the water so that the final volume is $8.0 \mathrm{L}$.

b. Water is added to $0.25 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 6.0 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaF}$ the solution to make $2.0 \mathrm{L}$ of a diluted $\mathrm{NaF}$ solution.

c. A $50.0‐\mathrm{mL}$ sample of a $8.0 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) \mathrm{KBr}$ solution is diluted with water so that the final volume is $200.0 \mathrm{mL}$.

d. A $5.0‐\mathrm{mL}$ sample of an $50.0 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v})$ acetic acid $\left({\mathrm{HC}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_2\right)$ solution is added to water to give a final volume of $25 \mathrm{mL}$.

Determine the final volume, in milliliters, of each of the following:

a. a $1.5 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$solution prepared from $20.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 6.0 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$solution.

b. a $2.0 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) \mathrm{LiCl}$ solution prepared from  $50.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 10.0 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) \mathrm{LiCl}$ solution

c. a $0.500 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{PO}}_4$ solution prepared from  $50.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 6.00 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{PO}}_4$ solution

d. a $5.0\% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v})$ glucose solution prepared from  $75 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 12 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v})$glucose solution

Determine the final volume, in milliliters, of each of the following: 

a. a $1.00 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$solution prepared from $10 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 20.0 \% {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$solution.

b. a $0.10 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$solution prepared from $25 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 6.0 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$solution.

c. a $1.0 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$ solution prepared from $50.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 12 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$solution.

d. a $1.0 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) {\mathrm{CaCl}}_2$solution prepared from $18 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 4.0 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) {\mathrm{CaCl}}_2$ solution.

Determine the initial volume, in milliliter, requires preparing each of the following:

a. $255 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 0.200 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{HNO}}_3$ solution using a$4.00 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{HNO}}_3$ solution

b. $715 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 0.100 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{MgCl}}_2$solution using a $6.00 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{MgCl}}_2$ solution

c. $0.100 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 0.150 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}$ solution using an $8.00 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}$solution

Determine the initial volume, in milliliter, requires preparing each of the following: 

a.  $20.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 0.250 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{KNO}}_3$ solution using a $6.00 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{KNO}}_3$ solution

b. $25.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 2.50 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$ solution using a $12.0 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$solution

c. $0.500 \mathrm{L} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{a} 1.50 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{NH}}_4\mathrm{Cl}$ solution using a $10.0 \mathrm{M} {\mathrm{NH}}_4\mathrm{Cl}$ solution

Determine the initial volume, in millilitres, required to prepare each of the following:

a. 20.0 ml of a 0.250M KNO3 solution using a 6.00M KNO3 solution

b. 25.0ml of a 2.50M ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$ solution using a 12.0M ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$ solution

c. 0.500L of a 1.50M $N{H}_{4}Cl$ solution using a 10.0M $N{H}_{4}Cl$ solution

You need $500 mL$of a $5.0\% (m/v)$ glucose solution. If you have a $25\% (m/v)$ glucose solution on hand, how many milliliters do you need?

A doctor orders $100 mL of 2.0\% (m/v)$ ibuprofen. If you have $8.0\% (m/v)$ ibuprofen on hand, how many milliliters do you need?

Each of the following mixtures is placed in a dialyzing bag and immersed in distilled water. Which substances will be found outside the bag in the distilled water?

a. $NaCl$ solution

b. starch solution (colloid) and alanine (an amino acid) solution

c. $NaCl$ solution and starch solution (colloid)

d. urea solution

Each of the following mixtures is placed in a dialyzing bag and immersed in distilled water. Which substances will be found outside the bag in the distilled water?

a. $KCl$ solution and glucose solution.

b. albumin solution (colloid).

c. albumin solution (colloid), $KCl$ solution, and glucose solution.

d. urea solution and $NaCl$ solution.

Will a red blood cell undergo crenation, hemolysis, or no change in each of the following solutions?

a. $1\% (m/v)$ glucose

b. $2\% (m/v) NaCl$

c. $5\% (m/v)$ glucose

d. $0.1\% (m/v) NaCl$

Identify each of the following as characteristic of a solution, colloid, or suspension:

a. a mixture that cannot be separated by a semipermeable membrane

b. a mixture that settles out upon standing

Identify each of the following as characteristic of a solution, colloid, or suspension:

a. particles of this mixture remain inside a semipermeable membrane but pass through filters

b. particles of solute in this mixture are very large and visible

A $10\% (m/v)$ starch solution is separated from a $1\% (m/v)$ starch solution by a semipermeable membrane. (Starch is a colloid.)

a. Which compartment has the higher osmotic pressure?

b. In which direction will water flow initially?

c. In which compartment will the volume level rise?

A $0.1\% (m/v)$ albumin solution is separated from a $2\% (m/v)$ albumin solution by a semipermeable membrane. (Albumin is a colloid.)

a. Which compartment has the higher osmotic pressure?

b. In which direction will water flow initially?

c. In which compartment will the volume level rise?

Indicate the compartment (A or B) that will increase in volume for each of the following pairs of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane:

Indicate the compartment (A or B) that will increase in volume for each of the following pairs of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane: 

Are the following solutions isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic compared with a red blood cell?

a. distilled ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

b. $1\% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) \mathrm{glucose}$

c. $0.9 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) \mathrm{NaCl}$

d. $15 \% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v}) \mathrm{glucose}$

After her latest dialysis treatment, Michelle experienced vertigo and nausea. Michelle's doctor orders $0.075 g$ of chlorpromazine, which is used to treat nausea. If the stock solution is $2.5\% (m/v)$, how many milliliters are administered?

Michelle's doctor orders $5.0 mg$ of Compazine, which is used to treat vertigo. If the stock solution is $2.5\% (m/v)$, how many milliliters are administered?

A $CaC{l}_2$solution is given to increase blood levels of calcium. If a patient receives $0.5 mL$ of a $10\% (m/v)CaC{l}_2$ solution, how many grams of $CaC{l}_2$ were given?

An intravenous solution of mannitol is used as a diuretic to increase the loss of sodium and chloride by a patient. If a patient receives $30.0 mL$ of a $25\% (m/v)$ mannitol solution, how many grams of mannitol were given?

Match the diagrams with the following: (9.1)

a. a polar solute and a polar solvent

b. a nonpolar solute and a polar solvent

c. a nonpolar solute and a nonpolar solvent

If all the solute is dissolved in diagram $1$ , how would heating or cooling the solution cause each of the following changes? (9.3)

a. $2 to 3$

b. $2 to 1$

Select the diagram that represents the solution formed by a solute that is a $(9.2)$

a. nonelectrolyte

b. weak electrolyte

c. strong electrolyte

A pickle is made by soaking a cucumber in brine, a salt-water solution. What makes the smooth cucumber become wrinkled like a prune? $(9.6)$

Why do lettuce leaves in a salad wilt after a vinaigrette dressing containing salt is added?$(9.6)$

Why does iodine dissolve in hexane, but not in water? $(9.1)$

How do temperature and pressure affect the solubility of solids and gases in water?$(9.3)$

A semipermeable membrane separates two compartments, $A$ and $B$. If the levels in $A$ and $B$ are equal initially, select the diagram that illustrates the final levels in a to d: $(9.6)$

Potassium chloride has a solubility of $43 g of KCl in 100. g$ of $H_{2}O at 50°C.$ Determine if each of the following forms an unsaturated or saturated solution at $20°C:(9.3)$

a) adding $25 g of KCl to 100. g of H_{2}O$

b) adding $15 g of KCl to 25 g of H_{2}O$

c) adding $86 g of KCl to 150. g of H_{2}O$

Select the container that represents the dilution of a $4\%(m/v) KCl$ solution to give each of the following: $(9.5)$

a. a $2\%(m/v) KCl$ solution

b. a $1\%(m/v) KCl$ solution

If $NaCl$ has a solubility of $36.0 g in 100 g$of $H_{2}O at 100°C$. how many grams of water are needed to prepare a saturated solution containing $80.0 g$ of $NaCl$? $(9.3)$

Select the diagram that represents the shape of a red blood cell when placed in each of the following a to $e:(9.6)$

a. $0.9\%( \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v})\mathrm{NaCl}$ solution

b. $10\%(m/v)$ glucose solution

c. $0.01\%(m/v) NaCl$ solution

d. $5\%(m/v)$ glucose solution

e. $1\%(m/v)$glucose solution

Indicate whether each of the following ionic compounds is soluble or insoluble in water: $(9.3)$

a. $KCl$

b.  $MgS{O}_4$

c. $CuS$

d. $AgN{O}_3$

e. $Ca{\left(OH\right)}_2$

Potassium nitrate has a solubility of $32 g of KN{O}_3 in 100. g of H_{2}O at 20°C$. Determine if each of the following forms an unsaturated or saturated solution at $20°C:(9.3)$

a. adding $32 g of KN{O}_3 to 200. g of H_{2}O$

b. adding $19 g of KN{O}_3 to 50. g of H_{2}O$

c. adding $68 g of KN{O}_3 to 150. g of H_{2}O$

Indicate whether each of the following ionic compounds is soluble or insoluble in water: $(9.3)$

a. ${\mathrm{CuCO}}_3$

b. $FeO$

c. $M{g}_3{\left(P{O}_4\right)}_2$

d. ${\left(N{H}_4\right)}_{2}S{O}_4$

e. $NaHC{O}_3$

What is the final volume, in millilitres, when 25.0 mL of each of the following solutions is diluted to provide the given concentration? 

a. 10.0% (m/v) HCL solution to give a 2.50% (m/v) HCL solution

b. 5.00M HCL solution to give a 1.00M HCL solution

c. 6.00M HCL solution to give a 0.500M HCL solution

How many milliliters of a $1.75 \mathrm{M} LiCl$ solution contain $15.2 \mathrm{g}$ of $LiCl$? 

How many milliliters of a $1.50 M NaBr$ solution contain $75.0 g$ of $NaBr$

How many liters of a $2.50{\mathrm{MKNO}}_3$ solution can be prepared from $60.0 \mathrm{g}$ of ${\mathrm{KNO}}_3$ ? 

How many liters of a $4.00M \mathrm{NaCl}$ solution will provide$25.0 \mathrm{g}$ of$\mathrm{NaCl}?$