Atoms and Elements

Identify the form of electromagnetic radiation in each pair that has the greater energy:
 a. Green light or yellow light.
 b. Microwaves or blue light.

Identify the form of electromagnetic radiation in each pair that has the greater energy:
 a. Radio waves or violet light.
 b. Infrared light or ultraviolet light.

Place the elements in each set in order of decreasing atomic size.
a. Al, Si, Mg
b. Cl, I, Br
c. Sb, Sr, I
d. P, Si, Na

Select the larger atom in each pair.
a. Na or Cl
b. Na or Rb
c. Na or Mg
d. Rb or I

Select the larger atom in each pair.
a. S or Ar
b. S or O
c. S or K
d. S or Mg

Place the elements in each set in order of increasing ionization energy.
a. O, N, C
b. S, P, Cl
c. As, P, N
d. Al, Si, P

Place the elements in each set in order of decreasing atomic size.
a. Cl, S, P
b. Ge, Si, C
c. Ba, Ca, Sr
d. S, O, Se

Place the elements in each set in order of increasing ionization energy.
a. F, Cl, Br
b. Na, Cl, Al
c. Na, K, Cs
d. As, Ca, Br

Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization energy.
a. O or Ne
b. K or Br
c. Ca or Ba
d. Ne or N

Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization energy.
a. Br or I
b. Mg or Sr
c. Si or P
d. I or Xe

Fill in the following blanks using larger or smaller, more metallic or less metallic. Na has a $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$atomic size and is$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ than P.

Fill in the following blanks using larger or smaller, higher or lower. Mg has a ______ atomic size and a ______ ionization energy than Cs.

Place the following in order of decreasing metallic character: Br, Ge, Ca, Ga.

Place the following in order of increasing metallic character: Na, P, AI, Ar.

What is the group number and number of valence electrons for each of the following elements?

a. Magnesium

b. Iodine

c. Oxygen

d. Phosphorus

e. Tin

f. Boron

What is the group number and number of valence electrons for each of the following elements?

a. Potassium

b. Silicon

c. Neon

d. Aluminum

e. Barium

f. Bromine

Write the group number and the Lewis symbol for each of the following elements:

a. Sulfur

b. Nitrogen

c. Calcium

d. Sodium

e. Gallium

Write the group number and draw the Lewis symbol for each of the following elements:

a. carbon

b. oxygen

c. argon

d. lithium

e. chlorine

Fill in the following blanks using higher or lower, more or less: Sr has a _____ionization energy and _______metallic character than Sb.

Fill in the following blanks using higher or lower, more or less: N has a _____ ionization energy and ______ metallic character than As. 

Complete each of the statements a to d using $1,2 or 3$:

$1.$ decreases $2.$ increases $3.$ remains the same

Going down Group $6$A ($16$),

(a) the ionization energy______. 

(b) the atomic size _______.

(c) the metallic character _______.

(d) the number of valence electrons______.

Complete each of the statements a to d using $1,2 or 3$:

$1.$ decreases $2.$ increases $3.$ remains the same

Going from left to right across Period $4$,

(a) the ionization energy ______.

(b) the atomic size ______.

(c) the metallic character ______.

(d) the number of valence electrons _______.

Which statements completed with a to e will be true and which will be false?

An atom of $N$ compared to an atom of $Li$ has a larger (greater)

a. atomic size

b. ionization energy

c. number of protons

d. metallic character

e. number of valence electrons

Which statements completed with a to e will be true and which will be false? An atom of $C$ compared to an atom of $Sn$ has a larger (greater)

a. Atomic size

b. Ionization energy

c. Number of protons

d. Metallic character

e. Number of valence electrons

Consider the following atoms in which X represents the chemical symbol of the element: ($4.4$$, 4.5$)

${}_8{}^{16}X, {}_9{}^{16}X, {}_{10}{}^{18}X, {}_8{}^{17}X, {}_8{}^{18}X$

a. What atoms have the same number of protons? 

b. Which atoms are isotopes? Of what element?

c. Which atoms have the same mass number?

d. What atoms have the same number of neutrons?

a. How many neutrons are in $K-41$?

b. Write the electron arrangement for potassium.

c. Which is the larger atom. $K$or $Cs$?

d. Which is the smallest atom, $K, As,$ or $Br$?

e. If John's potato field has an area of $34.5$ hectares. How many pounds of fertilizer does John need to use?

a. What is the group number and name of the group that contains potassium?

b. Is potassium a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid?

c. How many protons are in an atom of potassium?

d. Potassium has three naturally occurring isotopes. They are $K-39$, $K-40$, and $K-41$. Using the atomic mass of potassium, determine which isotope of potassium is the most abundant.

Match the spheres A through D with atoms of LI, Na, K, and Rb. $\left(4.7\right)$

Match the subatomic particles ($1$ to $3$) to each of the descriptions below: ($4.4$)

1. protons    2. neutrons      3. electrons

a. mass number

b. surround the nucleus

c. in the nucleus

d. charge of $0$

e. equal to number of electrons

Match the subatomic particles ($1$ to $3$) to each of the descriptions below: ($4.4$)

1. protons      2. neutrons     3. electrons

a. atomic mass

b. atomic number

c. positive charge

d. negative charge

e. mass number - atomic number

Use Rutherford's gold-foil experiment to answer each of the following: ($4.3$)

a. What did Rutherford expect to happen when he aimed particles at the gold foil?

b. How did the results differ from what he expected?

c. How did he use the results to propose a model of the atom?

According to Dalton's atomic theory, which of the following are true or false? If false, correct the statement to make it true. (4.3) 

a. Atoms of an element are identical to atoms of other elements. 

b. Every element is made of atoms.

c. Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. 

d. In a chemical reaction, some atoms disappear and new atoms appear.

Complete the following table for the three naturally occurring isotopes of silicon, the major component in computer chips: $\left(4.4,4.5\right)$

For each representation of a nucleus through, write the atomic symbol and identify which are isotopes. $\left(4.4,4.5\right)$

Identify the element represented by each nucleus A through E in the problem $4.85$ as a metal, a non-metal, or a metalloid.$\left(4.3\right)$

Match the spheres A through D with atoms of K, Ge ,Ca, and Kr: $(4.7)$

For each of the following, write the symbol and name for X and the number of protons and neutrons. Which are isotopes of each other? $(4.4 ,4.5)$

a. $\begin{array}{c}124\\ 47\end{array}X$

b. $\begin{array}{c}116\\ 49\end{array}X$

c. $\begin{array}{c}116\\ 50\end{array}X$

d. $\begin{array}{c}124\\ 50\end{array}X$

e. $\begin{array}{c}116\\ 48\end{array}X$

Indicate if the atoms in each pair have the same number of protons, neutrons or electrons. $(4.4 ,4.5 )$

a. ${}_{17}{}^{37}CI , {}_{18}{}^{38}Ar$

b. ${}_{16}{}^{36}S , {}_{16}{}^{34}S$

c. ${}_{18}{}^{40}Ar , {}_{17}{}^{39}CI$

Consider the following atoms in which $X$ represents the chemical symbol of the element:

${}_8{}^{16}X {}_9{}^{16}X {}_{10}{}^{18}X {}_8{}^{17}X {}_8{}^{18}X$

a. What atoms have the same number of protons?

b. Which atoms are isotopes? Of what element?

c. Which atoms have the same mass number?

d. What atoms have the same number of neutrons?

Give the group and period numbers of each of the following elements: $(4.2)$

a. bromine

b. argon

c. potassium

d. radium

Give the group and period numbers of each of the following elements: $(4.2)$

a. radon

b. arsenic

c. carbon

d. neon

Complete the following table: $(4.4,4.5)$

Complete the following table: $(4.4,4.5)$

Of the elements Na, Mg, Si, S, Cl, and Ar, identify one that fits each of the following: $\left(4.2, 4.6, 4.7\right)$

a. largest atomic size

b. a halogen

c. electron arrangement $2,8,4$

d. highest ionization energy

e. in group $6A\left(16\right)$

f. most metallic character

g. two valence electrons.

Of the elements $Sn, Xe, Te, Sr, I and Rb$identify one that fits each of the following:

a. smallest atomic size 

b. an alkaline earth metal

c. a metalloid

d. lowest ionization energy

e. in Group $4A\left(14\right)$

f. least metallic character

g. seven valence electrons.

For the following atoms, determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons:$(4.4 , 4.5)$

a. ${}_{80}{}^{202}Hg$

b. ${}_{53}{}^{127}I$

c. ${}_{35}{}^{75}Br$

d. ${}_{55}{}^{133}Cs$

e. ${}_{78}{}^{195}Pt$

For the following atoms, determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons: $(4.4 ,4.5)$

a. ${}_{48}{}^{114}Cd$

b. ${}_{43}{}^{98}Tc$

c. ${}_{79}{}^{199}Au$

d. ${}_{86}{}^{222}Rn$

e. ${}_{54}{}^{136}Xe$

Write the name and symbol of the elements with the following atomic number:$\left(4.1 ,4.2\right)$

a.  $36$

b. $22$

c. $48$

d. $26$

e. $54$

f. $78$

g. $83$

h. $92$

Write the name and symbol of the elements with the following atomic number: $(4.1 ,4.2 )$

a. $28$

b. $56$

c. $88$

d. $33$

e. $50$

f. $55$

g. $79$

h. $80$

Indicate if each of the following statements is true or false: $\left(4.3\right)$

a. The protons is a negatively charged particles.

b. The neutron is $2000$ times as heavy as a proton.

c. The atomic mass unit is based on a carbon atom with six protons and six neutrons.

d. The nucleus is the largest part of the atom.

e. The electrons are located outside the nucleus.