Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

a. What is measured on the horizontal axis?

b. What is the range of the values on the horizontal axis?

c. What is the solubility of carbon dioxide at ${25}^{\circ }C$ ?

d. At what temperature does carbon dioxide have a solubility of $0.20 g/100 g$ water?

Use the molar volume to calculate each of the following at STP:

a. the number of moles of CO₂ in 4.00 L of CO₂  gas.

b. the volume in liters, occupied by 0.420 moles of He gas.

c. the volume, in liters, occupied by 6.40 g of O₂  gas.

d. the number of grams of Ne contained in 11.2 L of Ne gas.

Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following molecules.

a. $\mathrm{HF}$

b. ${\mathrm{SF}}_2$

c. ${\mathrm{NBr}}_3$

d. ${\mathrm{ClON}}_2$

Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following molecules.

a. $\mathrm{HCCH}$

b. ${\mathrm{CS}}_2$

c. ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{CO}$

d. ${\mathrm{SiF}}_4$

Classify each of the following molecules as polar or non-polar.

a. $\mathrm{HBr}$

b. ${\mathrm{SiO}}_2$

c. ${\mathrm{NCl}}_3$

d. ${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{Cl}$

e. ${\mathrm{NI}}_3$

f. ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

Indicate the major type of intermolecular forces-(1)ionic bonds, (2) dipole-dipole attractions, (3) hydrogen bonds, (4) dispersion forces- that occur. between particles of the following.

a. ${\mathrm{NF}}_3$

b. $\mathrm{ClI}$

c. ${\mathrm{Br}}_2$

d. ${\mathrm{Cu}}_2\mathrm{O}$

e. ${\mathrm{C}}_4{\mathrm{H}}_{10}$

f. ${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{OH}$

Indicate the major type of intermolecular forces-(1)ionic bonds, (2) dipole-dipole attractions, (3) hydrogen bonds, (4) dispersion forces- that occur. between particles of the following. 

a.${\mathrm{CHCl}}_3$${\mathrm{CHCl}}_3$

b. ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

c. $\mathrm{LiCl}$

d. ${\mathrm{OBr}}_2$${\mathrm{OBr}}_2$

e. $\mathrm{HBr}$$\mathrm{HBr}$

f. $\mathrm{IBr}$

Classify each of the following as ionic or molecular, and name each. 

a. ${\mathrm{FePO}}_3$

b.${\mathrm{Cl}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_7$

c. ${\mathrm{Ca}}_3{\left({\mathrm{PO}}_4\right)}_2$

d. ${\mathrm{PCl}}_3$

e. $\mathrm{Al}{\left({\mathrm{ClO}}_2\right)}_3$

f. $\mathrm{Pb}{\left({\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_2\right)}_2$

g. ${\mathrm{MgCO}}_3$

Draw the condensed structural formula, or line-angle formula, if cyclic, for each of the following.

a. 1-pentene

b. 2-methyl-1-butene

c. 3-methylcyclohexane

d. 3-chloro-1-butyne

Write the formula for each of the following compounds:

a. Cobalt (III) chloride

b. Lead (IV) oxide

c. Silver sulfide

d. Bismuth (V) chloride

e. Copper (I) phosphide

f. Chromium (II) chloride

Write the formula for each of the following compounds.

a. Zinc bromide

b. Iron (III) sulfide

c. Manganese (IV) oxide

d. Chromium (III) iodide

e. Lithium nitride

f. Gold (I) oxide

The following compounds contain ions that are required in small amounts by the body. Write the formula for each.

a. Potassium phosphide

b. Copper (II) chloride

c. Iron (III) bromide

d. Magnesium oxide

The following compounds contain ions that are required in small amounts by the body. Write the formula for each.

a. Calcium chloride

b. Nickel (III) iodide

c. Manganese (II) oxide

d. Zinc nitride

Classify each of the following molecules as polar or non-polar. 

a. ${\mathrm{GeH}}_2$

b. ${\mathrm{I}}_2$

c. ${\mathrm{CF}}_3\mathrm{Cl}$

d. ${\mathrm{PCl}}_5$${\mathrm{PCl}}_5$

e. ${\mathrm{BCl}}_3$

f. ${\mathrm{SCl}}_2$

Ammonia is produced by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen.

${\mathrm{N}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+3{\mathrm{H}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to 2{\mathrm{NH}}_3\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$

a. How many moles of H₂ are needed to react with 1.8 moles of N₂?

b. How many moles of N₂ reacted if 0.60 moles of NH₃ is produced?

c. How many moles of NH₃ are produced when 1.4 moles of H₂ react?

In an acetylene torch, acetylene gas burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

$2{\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+5 {\mathrm{O}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)\stackrel{∆}{\to }4{\mathrm{CO}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+2{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$

a.  How many moles of O₂ are needed to react with 2.40 moles of C₂H₂?

b. How many moles of CO₂ are produced when 3.5 moles of C₂H₂  react?

c. How many moles of C₂H₂  are needed to produce 0.50 moles of H₂O?

d. How many moles of CO₂ are produced from 0.200 moles of O₂?

A sample containing 4.80 g and O₂ gas has an initial volume of 15.0 L. What is the final volume in liters, when each of the following occurs and pressure and temperature do not change?

a. A sample of 0.500 moles of O₂  is added to the 4.80 g of O₂  in the container.

b. A sample of 2.00 g of O₂  is removed.

c. A sample of 4.00 g of O₂  is added to the 4.80 g of O₂  gas in the container.

How many liters of $12\% (\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{v})$ $\mathrm{KOH}$ solution would you need to obtain $75 \mathrm{g}$ of glucose?

Write the formula for the conjugate acid for each of the following bases:

a. CO₃^2-

b. ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

c. ${\mathrm{H}}_2{{\mathrm{PO}}_4}^{-}$

d. ${\mathrm{Br}}^{-}$

Identify the Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base pair in each of the following equations.

a. ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{l}\right)\rightleftharpoons {{\mathrm{HCO}}_3}^{-}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)+{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}^{+}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)$

c. $\mathrm{HCN}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)+{{\mathrm{NO}}_2}^{-}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{CN}}^{-}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)+{{\mathrm{HNO}}_2}^{-}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)$

Identify each of the following as acid or base.

a. ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$

b. $\mathrm{RbOH}$

c. $\mathrm{Ca}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_2$

d. $\mathrm{HI}$

Which of the following aldehydes or ketones are soluble in water?

a.

b. 

c.

Which of the following aldehydes or ketones are soluble in water? 

a. 

b.

c.

Draw the structures for each of the following amino acids at physiological pH.

a. Glycine

b. T

c. Glutamate

d. Phe

Consider the following segment of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides: 

CUU AAA CGA CAU

a.  What is the amino acid order produced from this mRNA?

b. What is the amino acid order if a point mutation changes from CUU to CCU?

c. What is the amino acid order if a point mutation changes from CGA to AGA?

d. What is the amino acid order of the insertion mutation adds a G to the beginning of the mRNA segment?

e. What is the amino acid order of the deletion mutation removes C to the beginning of the mRNA segment? 

The following is a segment of the template strand of the human BRCA1 gene:

TGG AAT TAT CTG CTG TTC GCG 

a. Write the corresponding mRNA segment.

b. Write the three letters and one letter abbreviation for the corresponding peptide segment.

c. If there is a point mutation in the fourth nucleotide triplet and A replaces G, if any, in the amino acid sequence?

The following is a segment of the template strand of the human BRCA1 gene:

ACA TAT TTT GCA AAT TTT GCA 

a. Write the corresponding mRNA segment.

b. Write the three letters and one letter abbreviation for the corresponding peptide segment.

c. If there is a point mutation in the second nucleotide triplet and C replaces A, if any, in the amino acid sequence?

What is the genetic code?

What amino acid is coded for by each of the following mRNA codons?

a. CCA      b. AAC      c. GGU      d. AGG

What amino acid is coded for by each of the following mRNA codons?

a. UCU      b. UUC      c. CGG      d. GCA

When does the codon AUG signal the start of a protein? When does it code for the amino acid methionine?

Identify each of the following reactions in the β oxidation of palmitic acid, a C₁₆ fatty acid, as (1) activation, (2) first oxidation, (3) hydration, (4) second oxidation, (5) cleavage (thiolysis): 

a. Palmitoyl CoA and FAD form $\alpha ,\beta$ unsaturated fatty acids.

b. $\mathrm{\beta }$-ketopalmitoyal CoA forms myristoyl CoA and acetyl CoA.

c. Palmitic acid, CoA, and ATP from palmitoyal CoA .

d. $\alpha ,\beta$ unsaturated  palmitoyal CoA  and water from  $\mathrm{\beta }$ -hydroxy palmitoyal CoA.

e. $\mathrm{\beta }$ -hydroxy palmitoyal CoA and NAD⁺ from $\mathrm{\beta }$-ketopalmitoyal CoA and NADH + H⁺

State if each of the following processes releases or acquires ATP.

a. citric acid cycle

b. glucose from two pyruvate

c. pyruvate from acetyl CoA

d. glucose from glucose-6-phosphate

e. oxidation of $\mathrm{\alpha }$-ketoglutarate

f. first six reactions of glycolysis

g. activation of a fatty acid

Match the following ATP yields to reactions a to g 

1.5 ATP  2.5 ATP  7 ATP  50 ATP 12 ATP  32 ATP  36 ATP

a. Glucose forms two pyruvate

b. Pyruvate from acetyl CoA

c. Glucose from two acetyl CoA

d. Acetyl CoA goes to one turn of the citric acid cycle

e. Caproic acid is completely oxidized.

f. NADH + H⁺ is oxidized to NAD⁺

g. FADH₂ is oxidized to FAD. 

Identify each of the following bases as a purine or a pyrimidine:

a. thymine

b. 

Identify each of the following bases as a purine or a pyrimidine:

(part a). guanine

(part b).  

Identify each of the bases in problem $17.1$ as a component of DNA only, RNA only, or both DNA and RNA.

Identify each of the bases in problem $17.2$ as a component of DNA only. RNA only, or both DNA and RNA.

What are the names and abbreviations of the four nucleotides in DNA?

What are the names and abbreviations of the four nucleotides in RNA?

Identify each of the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide:

a. adenosine

b. deoxycytidine

c. uridine

d. cytidine monophosphate

Identify each of the following as a nucleoside of a nucleotide:

a. deoxythymidine

b. guanosine

c. deoxyadenosine monophosphate

d. uridine monophosphate

State whether each of the following components is present in DNA only, RNA only, or both DNA and RNA:

a. phosphate

b. ribose

c. deoxycytidine monophosphate

d. adenine

State whether each of the following components is present in

DNA only, RNA only, or both DNA and RNA:

a. deoxyribose

b. guanosine monophosphate

c. uracil

d. UMP

In the genetic disease adenosine deaminase deficiency, there is an accumulation of adenosine. Draw the condensed structural formula for deoxyadenosine monophosphate.

In the genetic disease uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency, symptoms include anemia, cardiac malformations, and infections. Draw the condensed structural formula for uridine monophosphate.

In Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a deficiency of the enzyme guanine transferase causes an overproduction of uric acid. Draw the condensed structural formula for guanosine monophosphate.

A deficiency of the enzyme adenine transferase causes a lack of adenine for purine synthesis and a high level of adenine in the urine. Draw the condensed structural formula for adenosine monophosphate.

Draw the condensed structural formula for the dinucleotide $\mathrm{A} \mathrm{T}$  that would be in DNA.

What nucleic acid subunits are connected in a phosphodiester linkage in a polynucleotide?