Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

How are plasmids obtained from $E.$ coli? 

Why are restriction enzymes mixed with plasmids?

How is a gene for a particular protein inserted into a plasmid?

What beneficial proteins are produced from recombinant DNA technology?

What is a DNA fingerprint?

Why is DNA polymerase useful in criminal investigation?

What type of genetic information is found in a virus?

Why do viruses need to invade a host cell?

A specific virus contains RNA as its genetic material. 

a. Why would reverse transcription be used in the life cycle of this type of virus? 

b. What is the name of this type of virus?

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

How do nucleoside analogs disrupt the live cycle of the HIV virus?

How do protease inhibitors disrupt the life cycle of the HIV virus?

What are estrogen receptors?

How do estrogen and the estrogen receptor influence cancer growth of mammary cells?

How does tamoxifen reduce the potential of breast cancer?

How does letrozole reduce the potential of breast cancer?

Answer the following questions for the given section of DNA:

a.Complete the bases in the parent and new strands 

b. Using the new strand as a template, write the mRNA sequence.

c.Write the three-letter symbols for the amino acids that would go into the peptide from the mRNA you wrote in part b.

Draw the condensed structural formula for dGMP.

What is similar about the primary structure of RNA and DNA?

What is different about the primary structure of RNA and DNA?

 If the DNA double helix in salmon contains $28\%$ adenine, what is the percentage of thymine, guanine, and cytosine?

 If the DNA double helix in humans contains $20\%$ cytosine, what is the percentage of guanine, adenine, and thymine?

In DNA, how many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

In DNA, how many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine?

Write the complementary base sequence for each of the following DNA segments: 

a. $\mathrm{G} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{C}$
b. $\mathrm{T} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T}$
c. $\mathrm{A} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G}$

Write the complementary base sequence for each of the following DNA segments:

a. $\mathrm{T} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{C}$
b. $\mathrm{A} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{G}$
c. $\mathrm{G} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{T} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G} \mathrm{A} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{G}$

Match the following statements with rRNA, mRNA, or tRNA:
a. combines with proteins to form ribosomes
b. brings amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
c. acts as a template for protein synthesis

What are the possible codons for each of the following amino acids?
a. threonine
b. serine
c. cysteine

Match the following statements with rRNA, mRNA, or tRNA:
a. is the smallest type of RNA
b. makes up the highest percentage of RNA in the cell
c. carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes

What are the possible codons for each of the following amino acids?
a. valine
b. arginine
c. histidine

What is the amino acid for each of the following codons?

a. AAG b. AUU c. CGA

What is the amino acid for each of the following codons?

a. CAA b. GGC c. UGG

What is the anticodon on tRNA for each of the following codons in an mRNA?

a. AGC b. UAU c. CCA

Endorphins are polypeptides that reduce pain. What is the amino acid order for the endorphin leucine enkephalin(leu-enkephalin), which has the following mRNA? $(17.5)$

AUG UAC GGU GGA UUU CUA UAA

Endorphins are polypeptides that reduce pain. What is the amino acid order for the endorphin methionine enkephalin(met-enkephalin), which has the following mRNA.

AUG  UAC GGU GGA UUU AUG UAA

What is the anticodon on tRNA for each of the following codons in an mRNA?

a. GUG b. CCC c. GAA

How do the bases thymine and uracil differ?

How do the bases cytosine and uracil differ?

Draw the condensed structural formula for CMP.

Suppose parent chain, adenine, is replaced by guanine. (17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6)

 a. What type of mutation has occurred?

b. Using the new strand that results from this mutation, write the order of bases in the altered mRNA.

c.Write the three letter symbol for the amino acids that would go into peptide from the mRNA you wrote in the part b.

d.What effect,if any,might this mutation have on the structure and/or function of the resulting protein.

Identify each of the following bases as a pyrirnadine or a purine: (17.1)

a. cytosine

b. adenine

c. uracil

d. thymine

e. guanine

Indicate if each of the bases in problem 17.91 is found in DNA only, RNA only, or both DNA and RNA. (17.1)

Identify the base and sugar in each of the following nucleo-sides

a. deoxythymidine

b. adenosine

c. cytidine

d. deoxyguanosine

Identify the base and sugar in each of the following nucleotides: (17.1)

a. CMP

c. dTMP

b. dAMP

d. UMP

Why are there no base pairs in DNA between adenine and guanine or thymine and cytosine? $(17.3)$

What is the difference between a DNA virus and a retrovirus? $(17.8)$

A polypeptide contains $36$ amino acids. How many nucleotides would be found in the mRNA for this polypeptide? $(17.5)$

Oxytocin is a peptide that contains nine amino acids. How many nucleotides would be found in the mRNA for this peptide?$(17.5)$

Match each of the following processes $\left(1to5\right)$ with one of the items (a to e)$(17.3,17.4,17.5,17.7,17.8)$$\left(1\right)$ replication of DNA $\left(2\right)$transcription $\left(3\right)$translation $\left(4\right)$recombinant DNA $\left(5\right)$reverse transcription

a. DNA polymerase b. mRNA is synthesized from nuclear DNA c. viruses d. restriction enzymes

e. tRNA molecules bond to codons

Match each of the following processes $\left(1to5\right)$with one of  the items $(a to e)$:$(17.3,17.4,17.5,17.7,17.8)$

$\left(1\right)$replication of DNA $\left(2\right)$transcription $\left(3\right)$translation $\left(4\right)$recombinant DNA $\left(5\right)$reverse transcription

a. amino acids are linked together

b. RNA template is used to synthesize DNA,

c. helicase unwinds DNA,

d. genetic information is transferred from DNA,

e. sticky ends join new DNA segment.