Q. 17.121 - An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Question

Match each of the following processes $\left(1to5\right)$ with one of the items (a to e)$(17.3,17.4,17.5,17.7,17.8)$$\left(1\right)$ replication of DNA $\left(2\right)$transcription $\left(3\right)$translation $\left(4\right)$recombinant DNA $\left(5\right)$reverse transcription

a. DNA polymerase b. mRNA is synthesized from nuclear DNA c. viruses d. restriction enzymes

e. tRNA molecules bond to codons

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The correct match each process given below,

a. $\left(1\right)$replication of DNA - DNA polymerase(a)

b. $\left(2\right)$ transcription- mRNA synthesized from nuclear DNA(b)

c. $\left(5\right)$reverse transcription- Viruses(c)

d. $\left(4\right)$recombinant DNA- Restriction enzymes(d)

e. $\left(3\right)$ translation-tRNA molecules bind to codons(e)

Part(a) Step 1:Given information

We have been given that DNA polymerase.

Part(a) Step 2: Explanation

We know that,

 DNA polymerase is the enzyme involved in DNA replication.

Part(b) Step1:Given information

We have been given that mRNA is synthesized from nuclear DNA.

Part(b) Step 2:Explanation

In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA, also known as primordial transcript, is generated in the nucleus. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is abbreviated as hnRNA. After processing, the mature mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated.  The process of creating RNA from DNA is known as transcription.

Part(c) Step 1:Given information

We have been given that viruses.

Part(c) Step2:Explanation

To make progeny virions, viruses must co-opt the cellular translation machinery. Eukaryotic viruses have evolved a number of mechanisms for manipulating the cellular translation apparatus, many of which are based on RNA.

Part(d) Step1:Given information

We have been given that restriction enzymes.

Part(d) Step 2:Explanation

Endonucleases termed as restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specified regions called restriction sites. By cutting DNA at exact sites, restriction enzymes can be employed to create recombinant DNA molecules. A gene of interest is usually introduced into a vector in recombinant DNA. 

Part(e) Step 1:Given information

We have been given,

tRNA molecules bond to codons 

Part(e) Step 2:Explanation

A virus that contains tRNA as its genetic material is a retrovirus. Once inside the host cell, it must first make viral DNA using a process known as reverse transcription. Retroviruses use reverse transcription to synthesize dsDNA from ssRNA. The enzyme that aids in this process is called RT(Reverse Transcriptase).