Q.6.145 - An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Question

Indicate the major type of intermolecular forces-(1)ionic bonds, (2) dipole-dipole attractions, (3) hydrogen bonds, (4) dispersion forces- that occur. between particles of the following.

a. ${\mathrm{NF}}_3$

b. $\mathrm{ClI}$

c. ${\mathrm{Br}}_2$

d. ${\mathrm{Cu}}_2\mathrm{O}$

e. ${\mathrm{C}}_4{\mathrm{H}}_{10}$

f. ${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{OH}$

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

a. (2) dipole-dipole interactions

b. (2) dipole-dipole interactions 

c. (4) dispersion forces

d. (1) ionic bonds

e. (4) dispersion forces 

f. (3) hydrogen bonds

Step 1: Part (a) Given information

To determine the type of intermolecular forces.

Step 2: Part (a) Explanation

• In Nitrogen trifluoride, the atoms that are present are nitrogen and fluorine. 
• ${\mathrm{NF}}_3$ molecule has a permanent dipole moment which causes the molecule to be polar in nature.
• The intermolecular forces present in this molecule are dipole-dipole interactions due to the result of dipoles in a molecule (a result of attraction between a positive and a negative end).

Step 1: Part (b) Given Information

To determine the type of intermolecular forces.

Step 2: Part (b) Explanation

• Iodine monochloride has dipole-dipole interactions.
• These interactions are a result of equally shared electrons in a molecule due to the electronegativity difference.

Step 1: Part (c) Given Information

To determine the type of intermolecular forces.

Step 2: Part (c) Explanation

• Bromine is a diatomic molecule.
• A diatomic molecule exhibits only dispersion forces, which are the weak intermolecular forces that result from a temporary dipole within a molecule.

Step 1: Part (d) Given information

To determine the type of intermolecular forces.

Step 2: Part (d) Explanation

• Copper (I) oxide is an ionic compound that is composed of copper and oxide ions.
• The ions are strongly held together by ionic forces or bonds i.e., the type of bond formed between two oppositely charged species.

Step 1: Part (e) Given Information

To determine the type of intermolecular forces.

Step 2: Part (e) Explanation

• Butane has dispersion forces.
• The type of bonding that is present in n-butane is London dispersion forces due to its non-polar nature.

Step 1: Part (f) Given Information

To determine the type of intermolecular forces.

Step 2: Part (d) Explanation

• Methanol i.e., ${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{OH}$ has hydrogen bonding.
• Hydrogen bonds are the strongest type of bond that occurs between hydrogen and the other atom having different electronegativity.