Matter and Energy

3.3. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

a. baking soda $\left({\mathrm{NaHCO}}_3\right)$

b. a blueberry muffin

c. ice $\left({\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\right)$

d. zinc ($Zn$)

e. trimix (oxygen, nitrogen, and helium) in a scuba tank

Classify each of the following pure substances as an element or a compound:

a. helium gas ($He$)

b. sulfur ($S$)

c. sugar $\left(C_{12}{H}_{22}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}\right)$

d. mercury ($Hg$) in a  thermometer

e. lye ($NaOH$)

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

a. a soft drink

b. propane $\left({\mathrm{C}}_3{\mathrm{H}}_8\right)$

c. a cheese sandwich

d. an iron ($Fe$) nail

e. salt substitute $\left(KCI\right)$

A dietitian includes one of the following mixtures in the lunch menu. Classily each as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

a. vegetable soup

b. tea

c. fruit salad

d. teat with ice and lemon slices

A dietitian includes one of the following mixtures in the lunch menu. Classily each as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

a. nonfat milk

b. chocolate-chip ice cream

c. peanut butter sandwich

d. cranberry juice

Classify each of the following pure substances as an element or a compound:

a. silicon ($Si$) chip

b. hydrogen peroxide $\left({\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2\right)$

c. oxygen gas $\left({\mathrm{O}}_2\right)$

d. rust  $\left({\mathrm{Fe}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3\right)$

e. methane $\left({\mathrm{CH}}_4\right)$ in natural gas

3.1 Classify each of the following pure substances as an element or a compound:

a. a silicon ($Si$) chip

b. hydrogen peroxide $\left({\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_2\right)$

c. oxygen gas $\left({\mathrm{O}}_2\right)$

d. rust $\left(F{e}_2{O}_3\right)$

e. methane $\left({\mathrm{CH}}_4\right)$

Indicate whether each of the following describes at gas, a liquid, or a solid:

a. The breathing mixture in a scuba tank has no definite volume or shape.

b. The neon atoms in a Fighting display do not interact with each other.

c. The particles in an ice cube are held in a rigid structure.

Indicate whether each of the following describes a gas, a liquid, or a solid:

a. Lemonade has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.

b. The particles in a tank of oxygen are very far apart.

c. Helium occupies the entire volume of a balloon.

Describe each of the following as a physical or chemical property:

a. Chromium is a steel-gray solid.

b. Hydrogen reacts readily with oxygen.

c. A patient has a temperature of $40.2°C$.

d. Milk will sour when left in a warm room.

e. Butane gas in an igniter burns in oxygen.

Describe each of the following as a physical or chemical property

a. Neon is a colorless gas at room temperature.

b. Apple slices tum brown when they are exposed to air.

c. Phosphorus will ignite when exposed to air.

d. At room temperature, mercury is a liquid.

e. Propane gas is compressed to a liquid for placement in a small cylinder.

What type of change, physical or chemical, takes place in each of the following?

a. Water vapour condenses to form rain.

b. Cesium metal reacts explosively with water.

c. Gold melts at 1064 degrees

d. A puzzle is cut into 1000 pieces.

e. Cheese is grated.

What type of change, physical or chemical, takes place in each of the following?

a. Pie dough is rolled into thin pieces for a crust.

b. A silver pin tarnishes in the air.

c. A tree is cut into boards at a saw mill.

d. Food is digested.

e. A chocolate bar melts.

Describe each property of the element fluorine as physical or chemical.

a. is highly reactive

b. is a gas at room temperature

c. has a pale, yellow colour

d. will explode in the presence of hydrogen

e. has a melting point of $-{220}^{o}C$

Describe each property of the element zirconium as physical or chemical.

a. melts at 1852 degrees

b. is resistant to corrosion

c. has a greyish-white color

d. ignites spontaneously in the air when finely divided

e. is a shiny metal

Your friend who is visiting from Canada just took her temperature. When she reads  $99.8°F$, she becomes concerned that she is quite ill. How would you explain this temperature to your friend'?

Your friend who is visiting from Canada just took her temperature. When she reads 99.8F, she becomes concerned that she is quite ill. How would you explain this temperature to your friend?

You have a friend who is using a recipe for flan from a Mexican cookbook. You notice that he set your oven temperature at $175°F$. What would you advise him to do?

Calculate the unknown temperature in each of the following:

a. ${37.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ °F$

b. $67.3^{\circ }F=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ °C$

c. $-{27}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ °K$

d. ${62}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ °K$

e. ${114}^{\circ }F=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ °C$

Calculate the unknown temperature in each of the following:

a.  $25°C=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_°F$

b. ${155}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}=\_\_\_\_\_\_°F$

c.  $-{25}^{\circ }F=\_\_\_\_\_\_°C$

d.  ${224}^{}K=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_°C$

e.  ${145}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}=\_\_\_\_\_\_K$

a. A patient with hyperthermia has a temperature of ${106}^{\circ }\mathrm{F}\text{. }$ What does this read on a Celsius thermometer?

b. Because high fevers can cause convulsion's in children, the doctor needs to be called if the child's temperature goes over ${40.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$. Should the doctor be called if a child has a temperature of ${103}^{\circ }\mathrm{F}?$?

a. Water is healed to ${145}^{\circ }F$. What is the temperature of the hot water in degrees Celsius?

b. During extreme Hypothermia, a child's temperature dropped to ${20}^{\circ }C$. What was his temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

Convert each of the following energy units:

a. 3500 cal to kcal

b. 415 J to cal

c. 28 cal to J

d. 4.5 KJ to cal

Convert each of the following energy units:

a. 8.1 kcal to cal

b. 325 J to KJ

c. 2550 cal to KJ

d. 2.5 kcal to J

The energy needed to keep a 75 -watt light bulb burning for 1hr is 270 kJ. Calculate the energy required to keep the light bulb burning for 3h in each of the following energy units:

a. joules

b. kilocalories

Convert each of the following energy units:

a.$\text{ 8.1kcal to cal }$

b. $325\mathrm{J}\text{ to }\mathrm{KJ}$

c. $2550\mathrm{cal}\text{ to }\mathrm{KJ}$

d. $2.5\mathrm{kcal}\text{ to }\mathrm{J}$

A person uses$750 kcal$ on a long walk. Calculate the energy used for the walk in each of the following energy units:

$\left(a\right)$ joules

$\left(b\right)$ kilojoules

Discuss the changes in the potential and kinetic energy of a roller-coaster ride as the roller-coaster car climbs to the top and goes down the other side.

Discuss the changes in the potential and kinetic energy of a ski jumper taking the elevator to the top of the jump and going down the ramp.

Indicate whether each of the following statements describes potential or kinetic energy?

a. water at the lop of a waterfall

b. kicking a ball

c. the energy in a lamp of coal

d. a skier at the top of a hill

 Indicate whether each of the following statements describes potential or kinetic energy:

a. the energy in your food

b. a tightly wound spring

c. a car specking down the freeway

d. an earthquake

Calculate the kilocalories for each of the following:

$\left(a\right)$ one stalk of celery that produces$125 KJ$when burned in a calorimeter

$\left(b\right)$ a waffle that produces$870 KJ$ when burned in a calorimeter

Calculate the kilocalories for each of the following:

$\left(a\right)$ one cup of popcorn that produces$131kJ$ when burned in a calorimeter

$\left(b\right)$ a sample of butter that produces $23.4kJ$when burned in a calorimeter

Using the energy values for foods (see Table), determine each of the following (round off the answer for each food type to the tens place):

(a) the total kilojoules for one cup of orange juice that contains 26 g of carbohydrate, no fat, and $2 g$of protein

(b) the grams of carbohydrate in one apple if the apple has no fat and no protein and provides $72 kcal$of energy

(c) the kilocalories in one tablespoon of vegetable oil, which contains $14 g$of fat and no carbohydrate or protein

(d )the grams of fat in one avocado that has $405 kcal$, $13 g$ of carbohydrate, and $5 g$ of protein

A patient receives $3.2 L$of intravenous ($IV$) glucose solution. If $100 mL$ of the solution contains  of glucose (carbohy. drate), how many kilocalories did the patient obtain from the glucose solution?

A high-protein diet contains $70.0 g$ of carbohydrate, $5.0 g$ of fat, and $150 g$ of protein. How much energy, in kilocalories and kilojoules, does this diet provide? (Round off the answer for each food type to the tens place.)

For lunch, Charles consumed $3oz$ of skinless chicken, $3oz$ of broccoli, $1$medium apple, and$1$ cup of nonfat milk (see Table 3.8). How many kilocalories did Charles obtain from the lunch?

For dinner, Charles had one cup of clam chowder, which contains$16 g$ of carbohydrate, $12 g$ of fat, and $9 g$ of protein. How much energy, in kilocalories and kilojoules, is in the clam chowder? (Round off the answer for each food type to the tens place.)

Using the energy values for foods (see Table $3.7$), determine each of the following (round off the answer for each food type to the tens place):

$\left(a\right)$ the total kilojoules in two tablespoons of crunchy peanut butter that contains $6 g$ of carbohydrate, $16 g$ of fat, and $7 g$ of protein

$\left(b\right)$the grams of protein in one cup of soup that has $110 kcal$ with $9 g$ of carbohydrate and $6 g$ of fat

$\left(c\right)$the kilocalories in one can of cola if it has $40.0 g$of carbohydrates and no fat or protein

$\left(d\right)$ the total kilocalories for a diet that consists of $68 g$ of carbohydrate, $9 g$ of fat, and $150 g$ of protein

If the same amount of heat is supplied to samples of$10.0 \mathrm{g}$ each of aluminum, iron, and copper all at$15.0 °\mathrm{C}$. which sample would reach the highest temperature (see Table 3.11)?

Substances A and B are the same mass and at the same initial temperature. When they are boated, the final terafeature of $\mathrm{A}$ is ${55}^{o}C$ higher than the temperature of $\mathrm{B}$. What does this  iell  you about the specific heats of $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ ?

Use the heat equation to calculate the energy for each of the following (see Table 3.11 ):

a. calories to heat 8.5g of water from ${15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{ to }{36}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$

b. joules lost when 25g of water cools from ${86}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{ to }{61}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$

c. kilocalories to heat 150g of water from ${15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{ to }{77}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$

d. kilojoules to heat  175 g of copper from ${28}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{ to }{188}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$

Use the heat equation to calculate the energy for each of the following (see Table$3.11$ ):

a. calories lost when$85 g$ a of waler cools from $45°\mathrm{C}$to $25°\mathrm{C}$

h. joules to heat$75 \mathrm{g}$ of water from $222°\mathrm{C}$to $66°\mathrm{C}$

C. kilocalories to heat $5.0 \mathrm{kg}$ of water from $22{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ to $28{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$

d. kilojoules to heat $224 \mathrm{g}$of gold from$18°\mathrm{C}$ to $185°\mathrm{C}$

Use the heat eyuatson to calculate the energy, in joules and calories, for each of the following (see Table 3.11):

a. to beat$25.0 \mathrm{g}$ of water from $12.5°\mathrm{C}$ to $25.7°\mathrm{C}$

b. to beat$38.0 \mathrm{g}$ of copper from $122°\mathrm{C}$ to $246{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$

c. lost when$15.0 \mathrm{g}$ of ethanol, ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_8\mathrm{O}$, cools from $60.5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ to $-42.00°\mathrm{C}$

d. lost when$125 \mathrm{g}$ of iron cools from $118{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$to $55°\mathrm{C}$

Calculate the heat change at $100°\mathrm{C}$ for each of the following and indicate whether heat was absorbed/released:

a. calories to vaporize $10.0$ g of water

b. joules to vaporize $5.00$ g of water

c. kilocalories to condense $8.0$ kg of steam

d. kilojoules to condense $175$ g of steam

Identify each of the following changes of stane as melting. freezing, sublimation, or deposition:

a. The solid structure of a substance breaks down as liquid forms.

b. Coffee is freeze-dried.

c. Water on the street turns to ice during a cold wintry night.

d. Ice crystals form on a package of frozen corm.

ldenify each of the following changes of state as testing. fracking, sublimation, se deposition:

a. Dry ice in an ice cream cart disappears,

h. Snowy an the ground turns to liquid water.

c. Heat is removed from$125\mathrm{z}$ of liquids water at$0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$.

d. Frost (ice) forms of the walls of a freezer unit of a refrigerator.

Calculate the heat change at $0\times \mathrm{C}$ for each of the following. and indicate whether heat was hashed/released:

a. calories to melt $65 \mathrm{g}$of ice

b. joules to melt $17.0 \mathrm{g}$ of ice

c. kilocalories to freeze$225 \mathrm{g}$ of water

d. kilojoules to freeze$50.0 \mathrm{g}$ of water

Calculate the heat change at $0°$. for each of the following. and indicate whether heat was absorbed/released:

a. calories to freeze$35 \mathrm{g}$ of water

h. joules to freeze$275 \mathrm{g}$ of water

c. kilocalories to melt$140 \mathrm{g}$ of ice

d. kilojoules to melt$5.00 \mathrm{g}$ of ice

Use the heat equation to calculate the energy, in joules and calories, for each of the following (see Table 3.11):

a. to heat $5.25 \mathrm{g}$ of water from $5.5°\mathrm{C}$to $64.8{}^6\mathrm{C}$

b. lost when $75.0 \mathrm{g}$of water cools from$86.4°\mathrm{C}$to $2.1°\mathrm{C}$

c. to heat $10.0 \mathrm{g}$ of silver from$112°\mathrm{C}$ to $275°\mathrm{C}$

d. lost when$18.0 \mathrm{g}$ of gold cools from$224°\mathrm{C}$ to $118°\mathrm{C}$