Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production

What metabolic substrate(s) are produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids?

a. alanine

b. aspartate

c. tyrosine

d. glutamine

What stages of catabolism involves the conversion of small molecules into $C{O}_2,H_{2}O$ and energy for synthesis of ATP.

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

a) synthesis of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids.

b) glucose adds to form glucose$-6-$phosphate.

c) hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and $P_i$.

d) digestion of proteins in the stomach.

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

a) digestion of fats to fatty acids and glycerol.

b) hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids.

c) synthesis of nucleic acids from nucleotides.

d) glucose and glactose form the disaccharide lactose.

Why ATP is considered an energy-rich compound?

How much energy is obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP?

Give the abbreviation of each of the following:

(a) Reduced form of $FAD$ 

(b) Oxidized form of  $NADH$

What coenzyme picks up hydrogen when a carbon carbon double bond  is formed.

What coenzyme picks up hydrogen when carbon oxygen double bond formed.

What stage of catabolism involves the digestion of polysaccharides?

What is general type of reaction that occurs during the digestion of carbohydrates?

What is the purpose of digestion in Stage $1$?

What is the role of bile salt in lipid digestion?

How are insoluble triacylglycerols transported to cells?

Where do dietry proteins undergo digestion  im the body?

What are the end products of digestion of proteins?

Give the abbreviation for each of the following:

(a) Reduced form of $NAD$.

(b) Oxidized form of $FAD{H}_2$.

Identify one or more coenzymes with each of the following components:

a) pantothenic acids

b) niacin

c) ribitol

Identify one or more coenzymes with each of the following components:

a) riboflavin

b) adenine

c) aminoethanethiol 

What is the starting compound of glycolysis.

What is the three carbon end product of glycolysis.

How is $ATP$ used in initial steps of glycolysis.

How many $ATP$ are used in initial steps of glycolysis.

How does phosphorylation account for production of $ATP$ in glycolysis.

Why are there two $ATP\hspace{0.17em}$formed from one molecule of glucose.

What three carbon intermediates are formed when $fructose 1,6 bisphosphate$splits.

Why does one of three carbon intermediates undergo isomerization.

What condition is needed in the cell to convert pyruvate to $\mathrm{acetyl} \mathrm{CoA}$?

What coenzymes are needed for the oxidation of pyruvate to $\mathrm{acetyl} \mathrm{CoA}$?

Write the overall equation for the conversion of pyruvate to $\mathrm{acetyl} \mathrm{CoA}$?

What is the product of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?

How does the formation of lactate permit glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions?

After running a marathon, a runner has muscle pain and cramping. What might have occurred in the muscle cells to cause this?

How many $\mathrm{ATP}$ or $\mathrm{NADH}$ are produced (or required) in each of the following steps in glycolysis?

a. $1,3-bisphosphoglycerate$ to $3-phosphoglycerate$

b. $fructose-6-phosphate$ to $fructose-1,6-bisphosphate$

c. $phosphoenolpyruvate$ to $pyruvate$

 How many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in each of the following steps in glycolysis? 

a. glucose to glucose-$6$-phosphate

 b. glyceraldehyde- $3$-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 

c. glucose to pyruvate 

Identify the following as alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkenes, or alkynes : 

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure $18.13$ to answer each of the following:

a. What is the yield of data-custom-editor="chemistry" ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ molecules?

b. What are the four-carbon compounds?

c. What is the yield of data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{GTP}$ molecules?

d. In which reactions are secondary alcohols oxidized?

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure $18.13$ answer each of the following:

a. What are the six-carbon compounds?

b. How is the number of carbon atoms decreased?

c. What is the five-carbon compound? 

d. What are the decarboxylation reactions?

Identify the reaction(s) of the citric acid cycle that involve(s)

a. reduction of $\mathrm{FAD}$

b. direct phosphate transfer 

c. hydration

What are the products from one turn of the citric acid cycle?

What compounds are needed to start the citric acid cycle?

Identify the reaction(s) of the citric acid cycle that involve(s)

a. oxidation and decarboxylation

b. dehydration

c. reduction of ${\mathrm{NAD}}^{+}$

Which reaction(s) of the citric acid cycle involve(s) the production of a carbon-carbon double bond?

What is the total $\mathrm{NADH}$ and total ${\mathrm{FADH}}_2$ produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle?

What reduced coenzymes provide the electrons for electron transport?

What happens to the energy level as electrons are passed along in electron transport?

How are electrons carried from complex $I$ to complex $\mathrm{III}$?

How are electrons carried from complex $\mathrm{III}$ to complex $\mathrm{IV}$?

How is $\mathrm{NADH}$ oxidized in electron transport?

How is ${\mathrm{FADH}}_2$ oxidized in electron transport?