The Components of Matter

Does potassium nitrate (KNO₃) incorporate ionic bonding, covalent bonding, or both? Explain.

What monatomic ions do potassium (Z = 19) and iodine (Z = 53) form?

What monatomic ions do barium (Z = 56) and selenium (Z = 34) form?

For each ionic depiction, give the name of the parent atom, its mass number, and its group and period numbers:

For what type(s) of compound do we use Greek numerical prefixes in the name?

Give the name and formula of the compound formed from the following elements

a. ${}_{\mathbf{37}}\mathit{Q}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{d}{}_{\mathbf{35}}\mathit{R}$

b. ${}_{\mathbf{8}}\mathit{Q}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{d}{}_{\mathbf{13}}\mathit{R}$

c.${}_{\mathbf{8}}\mathit{Q}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{d}{}_{\mathbf{13}}\mathit{R}$

Correct each of the following formulas:

a. Barium oxide is $\mathit{B}\mathit{a}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{2}}$

b. Iron(II) nitrate is $\mathit{F}\mathit{e}{\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{N}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{3}}\mathbf{\right)}}_{\mathbf{3}}$

c. Magnesium sulfide is $\mathit{M}\mathit{n}\mathit{S}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{3}}$

Give the name and formula of the compound whose molecules consist of two chlorine atoms and one oxygen atom.

Correct the formula to match the name of the following compounds:

1. Iron(III) oxide,;$\mathit{F}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{4}}$
2. Chloric acid,;$\mathit{H}\mathit{C}\mathit{l}$
3. Mercuric oxide,;$\mathit{H}{\mathit{g}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathit{O}$
4. Dichlorineheptaoxide,;$\mathit{C}{\mathit{l}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{6}}$

For each ionic depiction, give the name of the parent atom, its mass number, and its group and period numbers:

An ionic compound forms when lithium (Z = 3) reacts with oxygen (Z = 8). If a sample of the compound contains$\mathbf{8}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{4}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{21}}$lithium ions, how many oxide ions does it contain?

An ionic compound forms when calcium (Z = 20) reacts with iodide (Z = 53). If a sample of the compound contains $\mathbf{7}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{4}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{21}}$calcium ions, how many iodide ions does it contain?

The radii of the sodium and potassium ions are 102 pm and 138 pm, respectively. Which compound has stronger ionic attractions, sodium chloride or potassium chloride?

The radii of the lithium and magnesium ions are 76 pm and 72 pm, respectively. Which compound has stronger ionic attractions, lithium oxide or magnesium oxide?

What is the difference between an empirical formula and a molecular formula? Can they ever be the same?

How is a structural formula similar to a molecular formula? How is it different?

Consider a mixture of 10 billion ${\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{2}}$ molecules and 10 billion ${\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}$ molecules. In what way is this mixture similar to a sample containing 10 billion hydrogen peroxide $\left(H_2{O}_2\right)$ molecules? In what way is it different?

For what type(s) of the compound do we use Roman numerals in the name?

For what type of compound are we unable to write a molecular formula?

Write an empirical formula for each of the following:

(a) Hydrazine, a rocket fuel, molecular formula ${\mathbf{N}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{4}}$

(b) Glucose, a sugar, molecular formula ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{6}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{12}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{6}}$

Write an empirical formula for each of the following:

(a) Ethylene glycol, car antifreeze, molecular formula ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{6}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{2}}$ .

(b) Per-oxo-di-sulfuric acid, a compound used to make bleaching agents, molecular formula ${\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{S}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{8}}$.

Give the name and formula of the compound formed from the following elements: (a) sodium and nitrogen; (b) oxygen and strontium; (c) aluminium and chlorine

Give the name and formula of the compound formed from the following elements: (a) caesium and bromine; (b) sulphur and barium; (c) calcium and fluorine.

Give the name and formula of the compound formed from the following elements

$$\begin{gathered} \mathit{a}\mathbf{.} {}_{\mathbf{37}}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{and}\mathbf{ }{}_{\mathbf{35}}\mathbf{R} \\ \mathbf{b}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ }\mathbf{8}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{and}\mathbf{ }{}_{\mathbf{13}}\mathbf{R} \\ \mathbf{c}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ }{}_{\mathbf{20}}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{and}{\mathbf{ }}_{\mathbf{53}}\mathbf{R} \end{gathered}$$

Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for the names: 

a.   $\mathbf{tin}\left(\mathrm{lv}\right)\mathbf{ }\mathbf{chorlde}$

b.   ${\mathbf{FeBr}}_{\mathbf{3}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{,}}$

c.    cuprous bromide;

d.    ${\mathbf{Mn}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{3}}$

Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for the names: 

a.  ${\mathbf{Na}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{HPO}}_{\mathbf{4}}$

b.  Potassium carbonate dehydrate;

c.  ${\mathbf{NaNO}}_{\mathbf{2}}$

d.  Ammonium perchlorate

Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for the names: 

a.  CoO;

b.  Mercury(I) chloride

C. $\mathbf{Pb}{\mathbf{\left(}{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{\right)}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{3}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{O}\mathbf{;}$ 

 d. chromic oxide

Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for the names: 

a.  $\mathbf{Sn}{\mathbf{\left(}{\mathbf{SO}}_{\mathbf{3}}\mathbf{\right)}}_{\mathbf{2}}$

b.  potassium dichromate;

c.  ${\mathbf{FeCO}}_{\mathbf{3}\mathbf{;}}$

d.  Copper(II) nitrate.

Correct each of the following names

a. CuI is cobalt(II) iodide

 b. $\mathbf{Fe}\left({\mathrm{HSO}}_4\right)$is iron(II) sulfate.

 c. ${\mathbf{MgCr}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{7}}$is magnesium dichromium heptaoxide.

Give the name and formula for the acid derived from each of the following anions

1. hydrogen sulfate
2. ${\mathbf{lO}}_{\mathbf{3}}^{\mathbf{-}}$
   
3. cyanide
4. ${\mathbf{HS}}^{\mathbf{-}}$
   

Give the name and formula for the acid derived from each of the following anions

1. perchlorate
2.  ${\mathbf{NO}}_{\mathbf{3}}^{\mathbf{-}}$
3. bromite
4.  ${\mathbf{F}}^{\mathbf{-}}$

Many chemical names are similar at first glance. Give the formulas of the species in each set:

1. ammonium ion and ammonia
2. magnesium sulfide, magnesium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate
3. hydrochloric acid, chloric acid, and chlorous acid;
4. cuprous bromide and cupric bromide.

Give the formula of compounds in each set

1. Lead(II) oxide and lead(IV) oxide;
2. lithium nitride, lithium nitrite, and lithium nitrate;
3. strontium hydride and strontium hydroxide;
4. magnesium oxide and manganese(II) oxide.

Give the name and formula of the compound whose molecules consist of two sulfur atoms and four fluorine atoms.

Correct the name to match the formula of the following compounds:

(a) Calcium (II) dichloride,${\mathbf{CaCI}}_{\mathbf{2}}$;

(b) Copper (II) oxide, ${\mathbf{Cu}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{O}$;

(c) Stannous tetrafluoride, ${\mathbf{SnF}}_4$;

(d) Hydrogen chloride acid, $\mathbf{HCI}$;

Give the number of atoms of the specified element in a formula unit of each of the following compounds, and calculate the molecular(formula) mass:

$$\begin{gathered} \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Oxygen}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{in}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{aluminium}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{sulfate}\mathbf{,}{\mathbf{AI}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\left({\mathrm{SO}}_4\right)}_{\mathbf{3}} \\ \mathbf{ }\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{b}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Hydrogen}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{in}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Chloric}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{acid}\mathbf{,}{\left({\mathrm{NH}}_4\right)}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{HPO}}_{\mathbf{4}} \\ \mathbf{ }\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Oxygen}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{in}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{the}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{mineral}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{azurite}\mathbf{,}{\mathbf{Cu}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_{\mathbf{2}}{\left({\mathrm{CO}}_3\right)}_{\mathbf{2}} \end{gathered}$$

Give the number of atoms of the specified element in a formula unit of each of the following compounds, and calculate the molecular(formula) mass:

$$\begin{gathered} \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Hydrogen}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{in}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ammonium}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{banzoate}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{6}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{5}}{\mathbf{COONH}}_{\mathbf{4}} \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{b}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Nitrogen}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{in}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{hydrazinium}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{sulfate}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{N}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{6}}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{4}} \\ \mathbf{ }\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Oxygen}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{in}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{the}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{mineral}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{leadhillite}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{Pb}}_{\mathbf{4}}{\mathbf{SO}}_{\mathbf{4}}{\left({\mathrm{CO}}_3\right)}_{\mathbf{2}}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_{\mathbf{2}} \end{gathered}$$

Write the formula of each compound, and determine its molecular(formula) mass:

(a) Ammonium Sulfate;

(b) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate;

(c) Potassium bicarbonate.

Write the formula of each compound, and determine its molecular (formula) mass:

a)     Sodium dichromate;

b)    Ammonium Perchlorate;

c)     Magnesium nitrate trihydrate.

Calculate the molecular(formula) mass of each compound:

(a)   Dinitrogenpentaoxide;

(b)   Lead(II) nitrate;

(c)   Calcium peroxide.

Calculate the molecular(formula) mass of each compound:

a)    Iron(II) acetate tetrahydrate;

b)    Sulfur tetrachloride;

c)    Potassium permanganate.

Give the formula, name, and molecular mass of the following molecules:

Give the formula, name and molecular mass of the following molecules

Give the name, empirical formula and molecular mass of the molecule depicted in the figure.

Give the name, empirical formula and molecular mass of the molecule depicted in the figure.

Before the use of systematic names, many compounds had common names.   Give the systematic name for each of the following:

$$\begin{gathered} \mathbf{a}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{blue}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{vitriol}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{CuSO}}_{\mathbf{4}\mathbf{-}}\mathbf{5}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{O}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{b}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Slaked}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{lime}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Ca}{\mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{OH}\mathbf{\right)}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{c}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Oil}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{of}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{vitriol}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{SO}}_{\mathbf{4}} \\ \mathbf{d}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Washing}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{soda}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{Na}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{CO}}_{\mathbf{3}} \\ \mathbf{e}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Muriatic}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{acid}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{HCI} \\ \mathbf{f}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Epsom}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{salt}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{MgSO}}_{\mathbf{4}\mathbf{-}}\mathbf{7}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{O}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{g}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Chalk}\mathbf{,}{\mathbf{CaCO}}_{\mathbf{3}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{h}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Dry}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ice}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{CO}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{i}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Baking}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Soda}\mathbf{,}{\mathbf{NaHCO}}_{\mathbf{3}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{j}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Iye}\mathbf{,} \end{gathered}$$

Each circle contains a representation of a binary compound. Determine its name, formula and molecular formula mass.

What is the difference between a homogenous and a heterogeneous mixture?

Is a solution a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture? Give an example of an aqueous solution.

Classify each of the following as a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture: (a) distilled water; (b) gasoline; (c) beach sand; (d) wine; (e) air.