Nuclear Chemistry

Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following: 

a. ${}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}$

b. ${}_{+1}{}^0\mathrm{e}$

c. ${}_0{}^0\mathrm{\gamma }$

Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following:

a. ${}_{-1}{}^0\mathrm{e}$

b. ${}_1{}^1\mathrm{H}$

c. ${}_0{}^1\mathrm{n}$

On Naturally occurring potassium consists of three isotopes: potassium-39, potassium-40, and potassium-41. 

a. Write the atomic symbol for each isotope. 

b. In what ways are the isotopes similar, and in what ways do they differ? 

Naturally occurring iodine is iodine-127. Medically, radioactive isotopes of iodine-125 and iodine-131 are used. 

a. Write the atomic symbol for each isotope. 

b. In what ways are the isotopes similar, and in what ways do they differ?

Identify each of the following:

a. ${}_{-1}{}^0\mathrm{X}$

b. ${}_2{}^4\mathrm{X}$

c. ${}_0{}^1\mathrm{X}$

d. ${}_{18}{}^{38}\mathrm{X}$

e. ${}_6{}^{14}\mathrm{X}$

Supply the missing information in the following table:

Supply the missing information in the following table:

Write the atomic symbol for each of the following isotopes used in nuclear medicine:
a.$\mathrm{indium}-111$
b. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{palladium} -103$
c. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{barium}-131$
d. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{rubidium}- 82$

Write the atomic symbol for each of the following isotopes used in nuclear medicine:
a.$\mathrm{copper}-64$
b. $\mathrm{selenium}-75$
c. $\mathrm{sodium}-24$
d. $\mathrm{nitrogen}-15$

Identify each of the following:
a. ${}_1{}^1\mathrm{X}$
b. ${}_{35}{}^{81}\mathrm{X}$
c. ${}_0{}^0\mathrm{X}$
d. ${}_{26}{}^{59}\mathrm{X}$
e. ${}_{+1}{}^0\mathrm{X}$

Match the type of radiation($1$ to $3$) with each of the following statement:

1.  alpha particle 
2.  beta particle 
3. gamma radiation 

1. does not penetrate skin 
2.  shielding protection includes lead or thick concrete 
3.  can be very harmful if ingested 

Match the type of radiation ($1$ to $3$)with each of the following statements:

1.  alpha particle
2.  beta particle 
3. gamma radiation 

1.  penetrates farthest into skin and body tissues 
2.  shielding protection includes lab coats and gloves 
3.  travels only a short distance in air 

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:

a. ${}_{11}{}^{25}\mathrm{Na}$                     b. ${}_8{}^{20}O$

c. $\mathrm{strontium}-92$    d. $\mathrm{iron}-60$

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:

a. ^{${}_{84}{}^{208}Po$}

b. ^{${}_{90}{}^{232}Th$}

c.  ${}_{102}{}^{251}No$

d. radon- 220

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:

a. curium-243

b. ${}_{99}{}^{252}Es$

c. ${}_{98}{}^{251}Cf$

d. ${}_{107}{}^{261}Bh$

Write a balanced equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:

(a) ${}_{19}{}^{44}\mathrm{K}$

(b) iron-$59$

(c) potassium-$42$

(d) ${}_{56}{}^{141}\mathrm{Ba}$

Write a balanced equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:

(a) silicon-$26$

(b) cobalt-$54$

(c)data-custom-editor="chemistry" ${}_{37}{}^{77}\mathrm{Rb}$

(d)data-custom-editor="chemistry" ${}_{45}{}^{93}\mathrm{Rh}$

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron emission of each of the following radioactive isotopes:

(a) boron-$8$

(b) ${}_8{}^{15}O$

(c) data-custom-editor="chemistry" ${}_{19}{}^{40}\mathrm{K}$

(d) nitrogen-$13$

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:

(a)${}_{13}{}^{28}\mathrm{Al}\to ?+{}_{-1}{}^0\mathrm{e}$

(b)${}_{73}{}^{180}Ta\to {}_{73}{}^{180}\mathrm{Ta}+?$

(c)${}_{29}{}^{66}\mathrm{Cu}\to {}_{30}{}^{66}\mathrm{Zn}+?$

(d)$?\to {}_{90}{}^{234}\mathrm{Th}+{}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}$

(e)${}_{80}{}^{188}\mathrm{Hg}\to ?+{}_1{}^0\mathrm{e}$

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:

(a)${}_6{}^{11}\mathrm{C}\to {}_5{}^{11}\mathrm{B}+?$

(b)${}_{16}{}^{35}\mathrm{S}\to ?+{}_{-1}{}^0\mathrm{e}$

(c)$?\to {}_{39}{}^{90}\mathrm{Y}+{}_{-1}{}^0\mathrm{e}$

(d)${}_{83}{}^{210}\mathrm{Bi}\to ?+{}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}$

(e)$?\to {}_{39}{}^{89}\mathrm{Y}+{}_1{}^0\mathrm{e}$

Match each property ( $\mathbf{1}$ to $3$ ) with its unit of measurement.

1. activity

2. absorbed done

3. biological damage

a. rad

b. mrem

c. mCi

d. Gy

Match each property ( $1 to 3$ ) with its unit of measurement.

$1.$ activity

$2.$ absorbed dose

$3.$ biological damage

a. $mrad$

b. $gray$

c. $becquerel$

d. $Sv$

Two technicians in a nuclear laboratory were accidentally exposed to radiation. If one was exposed to $8 \mathrm{mGy}$ and the other to $5 rad$. which technician received more radiation?

Two samples of a radioisotope were spilled in a nuclear laboratory. The activity of one sample was $8 \mathrm{kBq}$and the other $15 \mathrm{mCi}$. Which sample produced the higher amount of radiation?

a) The recommended dosage of iodine-$131$ is $4.20\mu \mathrm{Ci}/\mathrm{kg}$ of body mass, How many microcuries of iodine-$131$ are needed for a $70.0$-kg person with hyperthyroidism?

b) A person receives $50 rad$ of gamma radiation. What is that amount in grays?

a) The dosage of technetium-$99m$ for a lung scan is $20$. $\mu \mathrm{CM}/\mathrm{kg}$ of body mass. How many millicuries of technetium-99m should be given to a$50.0$-kg person $(1\mathrm{mCi}=1000\mu \mathrm{Ci})?$

b) Suppose a person absorbed $50 mrad$ of alpha radiation. What would be the equivalent dose in millisieverts ?

For each of the following, indicate if the number of half-lives elapsed is:

$1.$ one half-life

$2.$ two half-lives

$3.$ three half-lives

a. a sample of $Pd-103$ with a half-life of $17 days$ after $34 days$

b. a sample of $C-11$ with a half-life of $20 mins$ after $20 min$

c. a sample of $At-211$ with a half-life of $7 \mathrm{h}$ after $21 h$

Technetium-99m is an ideal radioisotope for scanning organs because it has a half-life of 6.0h and is a pure gamma emitter. Suppose that 80.0mg were prepared in the technetium generator this morning. How many milligrams of technetium 99m would remain after each of the following intervals?

a. one half-life

b. two half-lives

c. 18 h

d.1.5 days

A sample of sodium-24 with an activity of 12 mCi was used to study the rate of blood flow in the circulatory system. If sodium-24 has a half-life of 15h, what is the activity after each of the following intervals?

a. one half-life

b. 30h

c. three half-lives

d. 2.5 days

Strontium-85, used for bone scans, has a half-life of 65 days.

a. How long will it take for the radiation level of strontium-85 to drop to one-fourth of its original level?

b. How long will it take for the radiation level of strontium- 85 to Radiation level to drop to one-eighth of its original level? 

Fluorine-18, which has a half-life of 110min, is used in PET scans.

a. If 100 mg of fluorine- 18 is shipped at 8:00 A.M., how many milligrams of the radioisotope are still active after 110min?

b. If 100 mg of fluorine-18 is shipped at 8: 00 A.M., how many milligrams of the radioisotope is still active when the sample arrives at the radiology laboratory at 1:30 PM?

For each of the following, indicate if the number of half-lives elapsed is:

1. one half-life

2. two half-lives

3. three half-lives

a. a sample of $Ce-141$ with a half-life of $32.5$ days after $32.5$ days

b. a sample of $F-18$ with a half-life of $110 \min$ after $330 \min$

c. a sample of $Au-198$ with a half-life of $2.7$ days after $5.4$ days

Bone and bony structures contain calcium and phosphorus.

a. Why would the radioisotopes calcium $-47$ and phosphorus-$32$  be used in the diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases?

b. During nuclear tests, scientists were concerned that strontium-$85$, a radioactive product, would be harmful to the growth of bone in children. Explain.

a. Technetium-99m emits only gamma radiation. Why would this type of radiation be used in diagnostic imaging rather than an isotope that also emits beta or alpha radiation?

b. A person with polycythemia vera (excess production of red blood cells) receives radioactive phosphorus-$32$. Why would this treatment reduce the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow of the patient?

Gallium-68 is taken up by tumours; the emission of positrons allows the tumours to be located.

a. Write an equation for the positron emission of Ga-68.

b. If the half-life is 68 min, how much of a 64-mcg sample is active after 136 min?

In a diagnostic test for leukemia, a person receives$4.0 \mathrm{mL}$ of a solution containing selenium-$75$. If the activity of the selenium-$75$ is $45\mu \mathrm{Ci}/\mathrm{ml}$. what dose, in microcuries, does the patient receive?

A vial contains radioactive iodine- $131$ with an activity of $20 \mathrm{mCl}/\mathrm{ml}$. If a thyroid test requires $3.0 \mathrm{mCi}$ in an "atomic cocktail." how many milliliters are used to prepare the iodine-$131$ solution?

Xenon-133 is used to test lung function; it decays by emitting a beta particle.

a. Write an equation for the beta decay of Xe-133.

b. If the half-life of Xe-133 is 5.2h, how much of a 20 .-mCi sample is still active after 15.6 h?

In another fission reaction, uranium- $235$ bombarded with a neutron produces strontium-$94$, another small nucleus, and three neutrons. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the fission reaction.

How does a chain reaction occur in nuclear fission?

Complete the following fission reaction.

${}_0{}^{1}n + {}_{92}{}^{235}U \to {}_{50}{}^{131}Sn + ? +2 {}_0{}^{1}n + Energy$

What is nuclear fission?

Indicate whether each of the following is characteristic of the fission or fusion process, or both:

a. Neutrons bombard a nucleus.

b. The nuclear process occurs in the Sun.

c. A large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei.

d. Small nuclei combine to form larger nuclei.

Indicate whether each of the following is characteristic of the fission or fusion process, or both:

a. Neutrons bombard a nucleus.

b. The nuclear process occurs in the Sun.

c. A large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei.

d. Small nuclei combine to form larger nuclei.

Indicate whether each of the following is characteristic of the fission or fusion process or both:

a. Very high temperatures are required to initiate the reaction.

b. Less radioactive waste is produced.

c. Hydrogen nuclei are the reactants.

d. Large amounts of energy are released when the nuclear reaction occurs.

What is the activity of the radioactive dye injection for Simone

a. in curies?

b. in millicuries?

If the half-life of Tl-201 is 3.0 days, what is its activity, in megabecquerels

a. after 3.0 days?

b. after 6.0 days?

How many days will it take until the activity of the Tl-201 in Simone's body is one-eighth of the initial activity?