Nuclear Chemistry

Radiation from Tl-201 to Simone's kidneys can be 24 mGy. What is this amount of radiation in rads?

Draw the new nucleus when this isotope emits a positron to complete the following: 

Draw the nucleus that emits a beta particle to complete the following: 

Draw the nucleus of the isotope that is bombarded in the following: 

Complete the following bombardment reaction by drawing the nucleus of the new isotope that is produced in the following: 

Carbon dating of small bits of charcoal used in cave paintings has determined that some of the paintings are from 10000 to 30000 yr old. Carbon- 14 has a half-life of 5730 yr. In a 1-$\mu g$ sample of carbon from a live tree, the activity of carbon-14 is 6.4 $\mu$Ci. If researchers determine that 1 $\mu g$of charcoal from a prehistoric cave painting in France has an activity of 0.80$\mu Ci$, what is the age of the painting? 

Use the following decay curve for iodine$-131$ to answer problems a to c: $(5.4)$

a. Complete the values for the mass of radioactive iodine$- 131$ on the vertical axis.

b. Complete the number of days on the horizontal axis.

c. What is the half-life, in days, of iodine$-131$?

Carbon dating of small bits of charcoal used in cave paintings has determined that some of the paintings are from $10000$ to $30000$ old. Carbon-$14$ has a half-life of $5730$. In a $1-\mu g$ sample of carbon from a live tree, the activity of carbon-$14$ is $6.4\mu Ci$. If researchers determine that $1\mu g$ of charcoal from a prehistoric cave painting in France has an activity of $0.80\mu Ci$, what is the age of the painting?$(5.4)$

The technique of carbon dating is used to determine the age of ancient cave paintings.

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: 

a. Th-225 ( $\alpha$ decay)

b. Bi-210($\alpha$decay)

c. cesium-137 ( $\beta$ decay)

d. tin-126 ( $\beta$ decay)

e. F-18( ${\beta }^{+}$emission )

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following radioactive emissions: 

a. an alpha particle from Hg-180

b. a beta particle from Au-198

c. a positron from Rb- 82

The activity of C-14 in a 70kg human body is estimated to be 3.7 kBq. What is this activity in microcuries? 

If the amount of radioactive iodine-123, used to treat thyroid cancer, in a sample decreases from 0.4 mg to 0.1 mg in 26.4 h, what is the half-life of iodine-123? 

What is the difference between fission and fusion? $(5.6)$

a. What are the products in the fission of uranium-$235$that make possible a nuclear chain reaction? $(5.6)$

b. What is the purpose of placing control rods among uranium samples in a nuclear reactor?

The hall-life of oxygen- $15$ is $124 \mathrm{s}$. If a sample of oxygen- $15$ has an activity of $4000 \mathrm{Bq}$, hos many minutes will elapse before it has an activity of $5000 \mathrm{Bq}$ ? $(5,4)$

Where does fusion occur naturally? $(5.6)$

Why are scientists continuing to try to build a fusion reactor even though the very high temperatures it requires have been difficult to reach and maintain? $(5.6)$

The activity of $\mathrm{K}-40$ in a$70.-\mathrm{kg}$ human body is estimated to be $120\mathrm{nCi}$. What is this activity in becquerels? $(5.3)$

A $120-mg$ sample of technetium- $99\mathrm{m}$ is used for a diagnostic test. If technetium- $99 \mathrm{m}$ has a half-life of $6.0 \mathrm{h}$. how many milligrams of the technetium-$99m$ sample remains active $24 \mathrm{h}$ after the test? $(5,4)$

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following:$(5.2)$

a. Polonium-$210$ decays to give lead-$206$

b. Bismuth-$211$ emits an alpha particle.

c. A radioisotope emits a positron to form titanium-$48$.

d. An atom of germanium-$69$ emits a positron.

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: $(5.2)$

a. When two oxygen-$16$ atoms collide, one of the products is an alpha particle.

b. When californium- $249$is bombarded by oxygen- $18$, a new element, seaborgium-$263$, and four neutrons are produced.

c. Radon- $222$ undergoes alpha decay.

d. An atom of strontium- $80$ emits a positron.

Complete each of the following nuclear equations: 

1.  $?+\frac{59}{27}\mathrm{Co}⟶\frac{56}{25}\mathrm{Mn}+\frac{4}{2}\mathrm{He}$

       b. $?⟶{}_7{}^{14} \mathrm{N}+{}_{-1}{}^{0}e$

       c.${}_{-1}{}^{0}e+{}_{36}{}^{76}\mathrm{Kr}⟶?$

      d.${}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}+{}_{95}{}^{241}\mathrm{Am}⟶?+2{}_0{}^{1}n$

If the amount of radioactive phosphorus-$32$, used to treat leukemia, in a sample decreases from $1.2 \mathrm{mg}$ to $0.30 \mathrm{mg}$ in $28.6$ days, what is the half-life of phosphorus-$32$? $(5.4)$

Calcium-$47$, used to evaluate bone metabolism, has a half-life of $4.5$ days. $(5.2,5.4)$

a. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of calcium-$47$.

b. How many milligrams of a $16-mg$ sample of calcium- $47$ remain after $18$ days?

c. How many days have passed if$4.8\mathrm{mg}$ of calcium- $47$ decayed to $1.2\mathrm{mg}$of calcium-$47$?

Complete each of the following nuclear equations: $(5.2)$

a. ${}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}+{}_7{}^{14} \mathrm{N}⟶?+{}_1{}^1\mathrm{H}$

b. ${}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}+{}_{13}{}^{27}\mathrm{Al}⟶{}_{14}{}^{30}\mathrm{Si}+?$

c. ${}_0{}^{1}n+{}_{92}{}^{235}\mathrm{U}⟶{}_{38}{}^{90}\mathrm{Sr}+3{}_0{}^{1}n+?$

d. ${}_{12}{}^{23 \mathrm{m}}\mathrm{Mg}⟶$ $?+{}_0{}^0\gamma$

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: $(5.1,5.2)$

a. potassium- $40$ ( $\beta$ decay)

b. sulfur-$35$( $\beta$ decay)

c. platinum-$190$  $(\alpha$ decay)

d.   Ra- $210$ ( $\alpha$ decay)

e. In- $113m$ ( $\gamma$ emission)

Detemine the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each of the following: $(5.1)$

a. sodium-$25$

b. nickel-$61$

c. rubidium-$84$

d. silver-$110$

Identify each of the following as alpha decay, beta decay, positron emission, or gamma emission: $(5.1,5.2)$

a. ${}_{13}{}^{27m} \mathrm{Al}⟶\frac{27}{13}\mathrm{Al}+{}_0{}^0\gamma$

b. ${}_5{}^8 \mathrm{B}\to {}_4{}^8\mathrm{Be}+{}_{-1}{}^{0}e$

c. ${}_{86}{}^{220}\mathrm{Rn}⟶{}_{84}{}^{216}\mathrm{Po}+{}_2{}^4\mathrm{Hc}$

Cesium-$137$, used in cancer treatment, has a half-life of $30 yr. (5.2,5.4)$

a. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of cesium-$137$.

b. How many milligrams of a $16-mg$ sample of cesium-$137$ remain after $90yr$?

c. How many years are required for $28\mathrm{mg}$ of cesium- $137$ to decay to $3.5\mathrm{mg}$ of cesium- $137$ ?

Identify each of the following as alpha decay, beta decay, positron emission, or gamma emission: $(5.1,5.2)$

a. ${}_{55}{}^{127}\mathrm{Cs}⟶{}_{54}{}^{127}\mathrm{Xe}+{}_{+1}{}^{0}e$

b. ${}_{38}{}^{90}\mathrm{Sr}⟶{}_{39}{}^{90}\mathrm{Y}+{}_{-1}{}^{0}e$

c. ${}_{85}{}^{218}\mathrm{At}⟶{}_{83}{}^{214}\mathrm{Bi}+{}_2{}^4\mathrm{He}$

Determine the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each of the following: $(5.1)$

a. boron-$10$

b. zinc- $72$

c. iron- $59$

d. gold- $198$

The activity of$\mathrm{C}-14$ in a $70$-kg human body is estimated to be$3.7\mathrm{kBq}$. What is this activity in microcuries? (5.3)

If the amount of radioactive iodine-$123$, used to treat thyroid cancer, in a sample decreases from $0.4$ my to$0.1\mathrm{mg}$ in $26.4 \mathrm{h}$, what is the half-life of iodinc-$123$? (5.4)

A nuclear technician was accidentally exposed to potassium-42 while doing brain scans for possible tumours. The error was not discovered until 36 h later when the activity of the potassium-42 sample was 2.0 $\mu$Ci. If potassium- 42 has a half-life of 12 h, what was the activity of the sample at the time the technician was exposed? 

The radioisotope sodium-24 is used to determine the levels of electrolytes in the body. A 16$\mu g$ sample of sodium-24 decays to 2.0 $\mu g$ in 45 h. What is the half-life, in hours, of sodium-24? 

A wooden object from the site of an ancient temple has a carbon- 14 activity of 10 counts/man compared with a reference piece of wood cut today that has an activity of 40 counts/min. If the half-life for carbon-14 is 5730 yr, what is the age of the ancient wood object? $(5,3,5.4)$

The half-life for the radioactive decay of calcium-47 is $4.5$ days. If a sample has an activity of $1.0\mu \mathrm{Ci}$ after 27 days, what was the initial activity, in microcuries, of the sample? $(5.3,5.4)$

The half-life for the radioactive decay of Ce-141 is $32.5$ days. If a sample has an activity of $4.0\mu \mathrm{Ci}$ after 130 days have elapsed, what was the initial activity, in microcuries, of the sample? $(5,3,5,4)$

Element 114 was recently named flerovium, symbol F. The reaction for its synthesis involves bombarding Pu-244 with Ca-48. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the synthesis of flerovium. $(5,2)$

Element 116 was recently named Livermorium, symbol L.v, The reaction for its synthesis involves bombarding Cm-248 with Ca-48. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the synthesis of livermorium. $\{5.2)$

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following radioactive emissions: $(5.2)$

a. an alpha particle from $Gd-148$

b. a beta particle from $Sr-90$

c. a positron from $\mathrm{Al}-25$

All the elements beyond uranium, the trans uranium elements, have been prepared by bombardment and are not naturally occurring elements. The first trans uranium element neptunium, $\mathrm{Np}$, was prepared by bombarding $U-238$with neutrons to form a neptunium atom and a beta particle. Complete the following equation: $(5.2)$

data-custom-editor="chemistry" ${}_0{}^1\mathrm{n}+{}_{92}{}^{238}\mathrm{U}\to ?+?$

One of the most recent trans uranium elements, oganesson-$294 (Og-294)$, atomic number $118$, was prepared by bombarding $californium-249$ with another isotope. Complete the following equation for the preparation of this new element: $(5.2)$

data-custom-editor="chemistry" $?+{}_{98}{}^{249}\mathrm{Cf}\to {}_{118}{}^{294}\mathrm{Og}+3{}_0{}^1\mathrm{n}$

A $64- \mathrm{\mu Ci}$ sample of $Tl-201$ decays to $4.0\mu \mathrm{Ci}$ in $12$ days. What is the half-life, in days, of $Tl-201$?$(5.3,5.4)$

The radioscope sodium-$24$ is used to determine the levels of electrolytes in the body.$\mathrm{A}16$ - $\mu \mathrm{g}$ sample of sodium-$24$ decays to$2.0\mu \mathrm{g}$ in $45 \mathrm{h}$. What is the half-life, in hours, of sodium-$24$? $(5.4)$