Carbohydrates

What are the differences in the Haworth structures of $\alpha$-D-glucose and $\beta$-D-glucose? (13.4)

What reactants are needed for photosynthesis and respiration?

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

What is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide?

What is a polysaccharide?

What functional groups are found in all monosaccharides?

What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?

What are the functional groups and number of carbons in a ketopentose?

What are the functional groups and number of carbons in an aldohexose?

Classify each of the following monosaccharides as an aldopentose, ketopentose, aldohexose, or ketohexose:

a. Psicose is present in low amounts in foods. 

b. Lyxose is a component of bacterial glycolipids.

Classify each of the following monosaccharides as an aldopentose, ketopentose, aldohexose, or ketohexose:

a. A solution of xylose is given to test its absorption by the intestines. 

b. Tagatose, found in fruit, is similar in sweetness to sugar. 

An infant with galactosemia can utilize$D-$glucose in milk but not $D-$galactose. How does the Fischer projection of$D-$galactose differ from that of $D-$glucose?

Indicate whether each pair of Fischer projections represents enantiomers or identical structures.

Identify each of the following structures as chiral or achiral. If chiral, indicate the chiral carbon.

Identify each of the following structures as chiral or achiral. If chiral, indicate the chiral carbon.

Draw the Fischer Projection for each of the following wedge-dash structures:

Draw the Fischer Projection for each of the following wedge-dash structures:

Indicate whether each pair of Fisher projections represents enantiomers or identical structures.

Identify the chiral carbon in each of the following compounds: 

Identify each of the following as D or L:

Identify each of the following as D or L:

Draw the Fischer projection for the other enantiomer of a to d in problem 13.21.

Identify each of the following as the $\mathrm{D}$ or L enantiomer:

Identify each of the following as the D or L enantiomer:

Draw the Fischer projection for the other enantiomer of a to d in problem 13.21.

Draw the Fischer projections for $D$-fructose and $L$-fructose.

Draw the Fischer projections for D-fructose and L-fructose.

Draw the Fischer projection for the other enantiomer of a to d in problem 13.22.

$D-$Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide. How does the Fischer projection of $\mathrm{D}$-fructose differ from that of D-glucose?

Identify a monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:

a. found in high blood levels in diabetes

b. is also called fruit sugar

Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions;

a. is also called blood sugar

b. is not metabolizod in a condition known as galactoscmia

Draw the Fischer projections for D-glucose and L-glucose.

Identify each of the following as the D or L enantiomer:

a.                      b.

c.                       d.

Identify each of the following as D or L enantiomer.

What are the kind and number of atoms in the ring portion of the Haworth structure of glucose?

What are the kind and number of atoms in the ring portion of the Haworth structure of fructose?

Draw the Haworth structures for $\alpha -$Glucose and $\beta -$Glucose.

Draw the Haworth structures for $\alpha$ - and $\beta$-d fructose.

ldentify each of the following as the $\alpha$or $\beta$ isomer.

Identify each of the following as the $\alpha$ or $\beta$ isomer:

Identify each of the following as the $\alpha$ or $\beta$ isomer :

Draw the Fischer projection for the oxidation and the reduction products of D-mannose. What are the names of the sugar acid and the sugar alcohol produced?

Draw the fischer projection for the oxidation and the reduction products of D-xylose. what are the names of sugar acid and the sugar alcohol produced?

Draw the Fischer projection for the oxidation and the reduction products of D-arabinose. What are the names of the sugar acid and the sugar alcohol produced?

Draw the Fischer projection for the oxidation and the reduction products of D-ribose. What are the names of the sugar acid and the sugar alcohol produced?

Indicate whether each disaccharide in the following figure is a reducing sugar or not.

a.

b.

Identify the disaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:

a. ordinary table sugar

b. found in milk and milk products

c. also called malt sugar

d. hydrolysis gives galactose and glucose

Identify the disaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:

a. not a reducing sugar

b. composed of two glucose units

c. also called milk sugar

d. hydrolysis gives glucose and fructose