Chapter 8

Refrigerant The refrigerant known as freon-14 is an ozone-damaging compound with the formula CF\(_{4}\) . Why is the CF \(_{4}\) molecule nonpolar even though it contains polar bonds?

Determine if these molecules and ion are polar. Explain your answers. $$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. } \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}} & {\text { c. } \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{PCl}_{5}} & {\text { d. } \mathrm{CF}_{4}}\end{array}$$

Use Lewis structures to predict the molecular polarities for sulfur difluoride, sulfur tetrafluoride, and sulfur hexafluoride.

Write the formula for each molecule. a. chlorine monoxide b. arsenic acid c. phosphorus pentachloride d. hydrosulfuric acid

Name each molecule. $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } \mathrm{PCl}_{3}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{Cl}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}} \\ {\text { c. } \mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{6}} \\ {\text { d. } \mathrm{NO}}\end{array} $$

Draw the Lewis structure for each molecule or ion. $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. SeF }_{2}} \\ {\text { b. ClO }_{2}^{-}} \\\ {\text { c. } \mathrm{PO}_{3}^{3}-} \\ {\text { d. } \mathrm{POCl}_{3}} \\\ {\text { e. GeF }_{4}}\end{array} $$

Determine which of the molecules are polar. Explain your answers. $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Cl}} \\ {\text { b. ClF }} \\ {\text { c. } \mathrm{NCl}_{3}} \\ {\text { d. } \mathrm{BF}_{3}} \\\ {\text { e. } \mathrm{CS}_{2}}\end{array} $$

Arrange the bonds in order of least to greatest polar character. $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } C-O} \\ {\text { b. } S_{1}-O} \\ {\text { c. } G e-O} \\ {\text { d. } C-C l} \\ {\text { e. } C-B r}\end{array} $$

Rocket Fuel In the 1950 s, the reaction of hydrazine with chlorine trifluoride \(\left(\mathrm{ClF}_{3}\right)\) was used as a rocket fuel. Draw the Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{ClF}_{3}\) and identify the hybrid orbitals.

Compare and contrast the two covalent compounds identified by the names arsenic(III) oxide and diarsenic trioxide.

Apply The structural formula for acetonitrile, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CN}\) is shown below. Examine the structure of the acetonitrile molecule. Determine the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, identify the hybrid present in each carbon atom, and explain your reasoning.

Write the correct chemical formula for each compound. (Chapter 7\()\) a. a. calcium carbonate b. potassium chlorate c. silver acetate d. copper (II) sulfate e. ammonium phosphate

Write the correct chemical name for each compound. (Chapter 7\()\) $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } \mathrm{NaI}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}} \\ {\text { c. } \mathrm{Sr}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}} \\ {\text { d. } \mathrm{CoCl}_{2}} \\ {\text { e. } \mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{BrO}_{3}\right)_{2}}\end{array} $$

Antifreeze Research ethylene glycol, an antifreeze-coolant, to learn its chemical formula. Draw its Lewis structure and identify the sigma and pi bonds.

Detergents Choose a laundry detergent to research and write an essay about its chemical composition. Explain how it removes oil and grease from fabrics.

Determine the molecular formula for luminol and draw its Lewis structure.