The Study of Life

________ medications are often used to treat patients with ADHD. 

a. Tranquilizer 

b. Antibiotic 

c. Stimulant 

d. Anti-seizure 

Recent studies suggest that blue light exposure can impact human circadian rhythms. This suggests that blue light disrupts the function of the _____ gland(s). 

a. adrenal 

b. pituitary 

c. pineal 

d. thyroid 

In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by ________.  

1. titin 
2. troponin 
3. myoglobin 
4. tropomyosin 

A scientist mutates eIF-2 to eliminate its GTP hydrolysis capability. How would this mutated form of eIF-2 alter translation? 

a. Initiation factors would not be able to bind to mRNA. 

b. The large ribosomal subunit would not be able to interact with mRNA transcripts. 

c. tRNAi-Met would not scan mRNA transcripts for the start codon. 

d. eIF-2 would not be able to interact with the small ribosomal subunit. 

Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?

Which of the following diseases is not due to autoimmunity?

a. rheumatic fever

b. systemic lupus erythematosus

c. diabetes mellitus

d. HIV/AIDS

Describe the structure of the kidney.

Strokes are often caused by ________. 

a. neurodegeneration 

b. blood clots or burst blood vessels 

c. seizures 

d. viruses 

Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be divided into three classes based on their chemical structure. What are these classes and what is one factor that distinguishes them? 

Cancer causing genes are called ________. 

a. transformation genes 

b. tumor suppressor genes 

c. oncogenes 

d. mutated genes 

Different MHC I molecules between donor and recipient cells can lead to rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue. Suggest a reason for this. 

What is the role of the accessory organs in digestion? 

Why is it difficult to identify the cause of many nervous system disorders? 

a. The genes associated with the diseases are not known. 

b. There are no obvious defects in brain structure. 

c. The onset and display of symptoms vary between patients. 

d. all of the above 

Why might specialized organs have evolved for excretion of wastes?

Which of the following features does not distinguish humans as a member of phylum Chordata? 

a. Human embryos undergo indeterminate cleavage. 

b. A spinal cord runs along an adult human’s dorsal side. 

c. Human embryos exhibit pharyngeal arches and gill slits. 

d. The human coccyx forms from an embryonic tail 

The production of megaphylls by many different species of plants is an example of _____.

 a. parallel evolution 

b. analogy 

c. divergent evolution 

d. homology 

If a series of genetic mutations prevented some, but not all, of the complement proteins from binding antibodies or pathogens, would the entire complement system be compromised? 

Why do many patients with neurodevelopmental disorders develop secondary disorders? 

a. Their genes predispose them to schizophrenia. 

b. Stimulant medications cause new behavioural disorders. 

c. Behavioural therapies only improve neurodevelopmental disorders. 

d. Dysfunction in the brain can affect many aspects of the body. 

Explain two different excretory systems other than the kidneys.

Explain the difference between an epitope and an antigen. 

How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique?  

In terms of evolution, why might the urea cycle have evolved in organisms?

Name two important functions of hormone receptors.

What is a naive B or T cell?

Multiple sclerosis causes demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord. Why is this problematic? 

What are the major differences between the male pelvis and female pelvis that permit childbirth in females? 

Describe how transcription in prokaryotic cells can be altered by external stimulation such as excess lactose in the environment. 

Compare and contrast the formation of urea and uric acid.

How can hormones mediate changes?

Why is cAMP-mediated signal amplification not required in steroid hormone signaling? Describe how steroid signaling is amplified instead.

How does the TH1 response differ from the TH2 response? 

Both of the intravenous solutions administered in medicine, normal saline and lactated Ringer’s solution, are isotonic. Why is this important?

Describe how hormones regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and kidney function.

What are the major differences between the pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle that allow the pelvic girdle to bear the weight of the body? 

What is the difference between a repressible and an inducible operon? 

Why is cAMP-mediated signal amplification not required in steroid hormone signaling? Describe how steroid signaling is amplified instead.

What can be inferred about the relative sizes of the areas

of cortex that process signals from skin not densely

innervated with sensory receptors and skin that is

densely innervated with sensory receptors?

In mammalian adaptive immune systems, T cell receptors are extraordinarily diverse. What function of the immune system results from this diversity, and how is this diversity achieved? 

Name and describe a function of one hormone produced by the anterior pituitary and one hormone produced by the posterior pituitary.

Both hydrostatic and exoskeletons can protect internal organs from harm. Contrast the ways the skeletons perform these functions. 

Many studies have demonstrated that women are able

to tolerate the same painful stimuli for longer than

men. Why don’t all people experience pain the same

way?

How do B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind? 

Describe one direct action of growth hormone (GH). 

Scoliosis is a medical condition where the spine develops a sideways curvature. How would this change interfere with the normal function of the spine? 

How does the tapeworm body plan support widespread dissemination of the parasite?                                               

Why is the immune response after reinfection much faster than the adaptive immune response after the initial infection? 

Researchers have recently demonstrated that stressed people are more susceptible to contracting the common cold than people who are not stressed. What kind of stress must the infected patients be experiencing, and why does it make them more susceptible to the virus? 

What are the major differences between spongy bone and compact bone?

What are the benefits and costs of antibody cross reactivity? 

What are the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?