Chapter 3

Select the correct order from smallest to largest. (A) universe, galaxy, solar system, star (B) solar system, star, galaxy, universe (C) star, solar system, galaxy, universe (D) star, galaxy, universe, solar system

Which of the following statements does NOT provide evidence supporting the common ancestry theory? (A) Scientists believe that of all the species on Earth that have ever existed, 99 percent of them are now extinct. (B) Many different animals have similar anatomical structures. (C) All organisms on Earth have a large percentage of their DNA identical to that of other species. (D) A lot of different animal species, including humans, start out looking the same as embryos.

What name is given to a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed for the reactants to turn into products? (A) a noble gas (B) a compound (C) an alloy (D) a catalyst

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the climate system of Earth? (A) Global warming causes extreme weather, including severe thunderstorms. (B) Higher global temperatures cause sea levels to rise. (C) Higher ocean temperatures lead to an increase in the numbers of tropical fish found off the coast of Florida. (D) Higher global temperatures cause the polar ice caps, which reflect sunlight back into space, to melt, leading to further global warming.

What happens when the student closes the switch in Circuit 1 ? (A) The light bulb lights up. (B) The iron bar becomes magnetized. (C) Nothing, because iron does not conduct electricity. (D) The iron bar becomes hot and begins to melt.

What happens when the student positions the two strong magnets near each other with one north pole and one south pole facing each other? (A) The first magnet will be attracted to the second magnet, but the second magnet will be repelled by the first magnet. (B) The magnets will become warm due to electromagnetic radiation given off by their north poles. (C) The magnets will attract each other. (D) The magnets will repel each other.

Which direction will the plotting compass point when the student places it at the north pole of one of the bar magnets? (A) Toward the magnet's north pole (B) Away from the magnet's north pole (C) Away from Earth's North Pole (D) Toward Earth's North Pole

What is the name of the human body system consisting of the skin, hair, and nails that serves to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion, from the outside? (A) digestive system (B) integumentary system (C) circulatory system (D) muscular system

Groundwater often drips from the ceilings of underground caves, leaving behind tiny deposits of minerals (such as calcium carbonate) that were dissolved in the water. Over millions of years, these tiny deposits build up to form stalactites. Which of the following questions can be answered using this information? (A) What is the difference between stalactites and stalagmites? (B) How tall can stalactites become? (C) What causes the formation of stalactites in underground caverns? (D) How are stalagmites formed?

Daisy was conducting an investigation using two liquids. Both liquids were clear and were at the same temperature, \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). When she combined the liquids in a large beaker, gas bubbles were produced and the liquid turned blue. The student took the temperature of the beaker, which now measured \(27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). All of the following show that a chemical reaction may have occurred EXCEPT (A) a temperature change occurred. (B) a color change occurred. (C) the two liquids mixed together. (D) a gas was produced.

If the block has a mass of \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\), what is the approximate force on it due to gravity? (A) \(2 \mathrm{~N}\) (B) \(10 \mathrm{~N}\) (C) \(20 \mathrm{~N}\) (D) \(40 \mathrm{~N}\)

If the block has a mass of \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\) and the pulling force and the frictional force acting on the block both equal \(20 \mathrm{~N}\), what is the acceleration of the block? (A) \(0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^2\) (B) \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^2\) (C) \(40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^2\) (D) The acceleration cannot be determined without additional information.

If the block is moving at a constant velocity, then which of the following is a true statement? (A) The pulling force must be greater than the frictional force, but the weight of the object is equal to the normal reaction force. (B) The pulling force must be greater than the frictional force, and the weight of the object is greater than the normal reaction force. (C) The pulling force must be equal to the frictional force, and the weight of the object is equal to the normal reaction force. (D) The pulling force must be equal to the frictional force, but the weight of the object is less than the normal reaction force.

If the block has a mass of \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\), and a pulling force of \(20 \mathrm{~N}\) acting on the block causes it to accelerate at \(4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^2\), what is the value of the frictional force acting on the block? (A) \(10 \mathrm{~N}\) (B) \(12 \mathrm{~N}\) (C) \(20 \mathrm{~N}\) (D) \(40 \mathrm{~N}\)

If the gardener cross-breeds two pea plants that are heterozygous, what is the probability that their offspring will have round seeds? (A) \(0 \%\) (B) \(25 \%\) (C) \(75 \%\) (D) \(100 \%\)

Which of the following arranges the units in ascending order (from smallest to largest)? (A) microgram, milligram, gram, kilogram (B) milligram, microgram, gram, kilogram (C) microgram, gram, milligram, kilogram (D) microgram, milligram, kilogram, gram

Which of the following statements is correct? (A) Two variables that are correlated must always increase together or decrease together. (B) If two variables are correlated, causation always exists between them. (C) Correlation exists between two variables that happen together and may be related. (D) Causation is an inferred cause-and-effect relationship that cannot be proved.

Which type of particle is emitted in the nuclear decay reaction shown here? $$ { }_{82}^{214} \mathrm{~Pb} \rightarrow{ }_{83}^{214} \mathrm{Bi}+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e} $$ (A) alpha decay (B) beta decay (C) gamma decay (D) nuclear fusion

The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of within the nucleus of the atom. (A) protons and electrons (B) electrons and neutrons (C) alpha particles (D) protons and neutrons

Which of the following best explains how natural selection is involved in the evolution of the Arctic fox's thick fur coat? (A) Arctic foxes with thinner coats migrated south for the winter. (B) Arctic foxes with thinner coats did not survive because they were not well-suited to the harsh conditions of their environment. (C) Arctic foxes with thick coats preferred to mate only with other Arctic foxes who had thick fur coats. (D) Arctic foxes with thick fur coats killed off all the Arctic foxes thinner coats.

How does the Arctic fox's thick fur coat help to keep the animal warm in the frigid Arctic conditions? (A) Fur is a good conductor of heat, so the fox absorbs heat from the surroundings. (B) The thick fur helps convection currents direct heat from the surroundings into the animal's skin. (C) Fur traps a layer of air next to the animal's body, which keeps it warm because air is a poor conductor of heat. (D) The white color of the fur reflects thermal radiation from the sun.

Black fur emits more body heat to the colder surroundings than white fur does. Which of the following does NOT help explain why the Arctic fox has white fur rather than black fur? (A) Black fur emits heat more than white fur does, so an animal with black fur would lose its body heat more quickly than an animal with white fur. (B) Black fur would make it easier for the fox's prey to spot the fox coming and escape. (C) Black fur provides an excellent contrast with the white background of the Arctic snow. (D) White fur blends in with the fox's snowy surroundings better than black fur, helping the fox hide from predators.

Which of the following is the best example of Newton's first law (the law of inertia), which states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion at the same speed in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force? (A) a train slowing to a stop as it enters the station (B) the recoil of a cannon when a cannonball is fired into the air (C) a skydiver who has already reached terminal velocity and is falling at a constant speed toward the ground (D) a rocket blasting off on its way to the moon

What will happen if an atom gains an electron? (A) Its charge would become negative. (B) Its charge would become positive. (C) Its charge would remain neutral. (D) The charge is impossible to determine without further information.

Which of the following places each type of chemical bond in ascending order from weakest to strongest? (A) hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, London dispersion bonds, dipoledipole bonds (B) dipole-dipole bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, London dispersion bonds (C) London dispersion bonds, dipole-dipole bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds (D) ionic bonds, London dispersion bonds, dipole-dipole bonds, hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is NOT a unit of weight or mass? (A) ton (B) gram (C) kilowatt (D) ounce

Scientists inferred that the fish raised in elevated carbon dioxide levels suffered from a loss of hearing. What evidence suggests this? (A) High levels of dissolved carbon dioxide can increase the acidity of water and potentially harm the marine life living there. (B) The positions of the fish in each tank were recorded throughout the experiment. (C) One hundred fertilized eggs from the same parent fish were placed in three separate tanks of water. (D) It was found that the fish raised in elevated carbon dioxide levels did not avoid the sound of the predators.

Which is the name of the compound whose formula is \(\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_6\) ? (A) chlorophyll (B) propane gas (C) glucose (D) cellulose

Which is the name of the compound whose formula is \(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\) ? (A) hydrogen peroxide (B) water (C) oxygen dihydride (D) glucose

Which is the name of the compound whose formula is \(\mathrm{CO}_2\) ? (A) carbon (B) carbon monoxide (C) carbon dioxide (D) glucose

On a hot, sunny day, why does wearing a white shirt keep you cooler than wearing a black shirt made from the same material? (A) The material of the black shirt is thicker and makes the person feel hotter. (B) The black shirt absorbs more of the sun's energy, helping the person to feel cooler. (C) The white shirt reflects more of the sun's energy, helping the person to stay cooler. (D) Only "cool" people wear white shirts.

Compared to red light, blue light has (A) a higher frequency and a shorter wavelength and carries more energy (B) a lower frequency and a longer wavelength and carries more energy (C) a lower frequency and a longer wavelength and carries less energy (D) a higher frequency and a shorter wavelength and carries less energy

Which method can be used to determine whether two sisters are identical twins? (A) Check to see whether their blood glucose levels are identical. (B) Compare their physical appearances to see whether they look alike. (C) Check their family history. (D) Do a DNA analysis.

Sammy was boiling some brine (seawater) but forgot that he left the heat on. When he returned to the pan 40 minutes later, he noticed a white residue left at the bottom of the pan. Which of the following best explains the white residue? (A) The metal pan rusted due to the presence of the water. (B) The water evaporated, leaving salt behind. (C) The water burned and left ashes behind. (D) The pan must have been dirty before Sammy put the brine in.

In which direction is the unbalanced force acting as the elevator begins to accelerate downward? (A) downward (B) upward (C) toward the entrance of the elevator (D) There is no unbalanced force.

In which direction is the unbalanced force acting during the part of the trip where the elevator is traveling at \(6 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) ? (A) downward (B) upward (C) toward the entrance of the elevator (D) There is no unbalanced force.

Which letter represents the part of the experiment in which the entire sample was in the liquid phase? (A) \(\mathrm{A}\) (B) \(B\) (C) \(\mathrm{C}\) (D) \(\mathrm{D}\)

Compared to either a liquid or a solid, a typical gas has (A) a higher density and contains molecules that are closer together. (B) a higher density and contains molecules that are father apart. (C) a lower density and contains molecules that are father apart. (D) a lower density and contains molecules that are closer together.