Chapter 3

Complete the sentence by filling in the blanks. As an object falls from a table to the floor, it loses its stored ) energy and gains energy as it begins to speed up. When the object hits the ground, it loses its energy of motion, which is converted into energy.

Which force is responsible for keeping the plane in the air? (A) drag (B) lift (C) weight (D) thrust

If the plane maintains a constant speed and altitude and travels in a straight line, which of the following must be true according to Newton's law of inertia? (A) The plane is weightless. (B) There are no unbalanced forces acting on the plane. (C) The lift must be greater than the weight to keep the plane from falling to the ground. (D) The thrust must be greater than the drag to keep the plane moving forward.

Which organelle is found only in plant cells and helps the plant to produce its own food via photosynthesis? (A) cell wall (B) vacuoles (C) mitochondria (D) chloroplasts

Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the sentence: The genotype of both parent plants is , which means that both parents will be

The gardener now chooses two new parent plants, both with the genotype TT. What is the probability that one of their offspring, chosen at random, will be short? (A) \(0 \%\) (B) \(25 \%\) (C) \(75 \%\) (D) \(100 \%\)

What causes a solar eclipse? (A) the moon passing between the Earth and the sun (B) the sun passing between the Earth and the moon (C) clouds (D) the Earth passing between the sun and the moon

Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the sentence: An astronaut standing on the moon weighs [more than, less than, the same as] she does on Earth but has [more, less, the same] mass than/as she has on Earth.

Which element is the basis of all living organisms on Earth? (A) carbon dioxide (B) oxygen (C) water (D) carbon

Why is the light that the Hubble telescope detects from distant galaxies red- shifted? (A) Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere filter out green light so that only red light remains. (B) The distant galaxies are moving away from Earth. (C) The distant galaxies are moving toward Earth. (D) The light bounces off the surface of the red planet Mars before reaching us.

Which type of particle is emitted in the nuclear decay reaction shown here? \({ }_{88}^{222} \mathrm{Ra} \rightarrow{ }_{86}^{218} \mathrm{Rn}+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}\) (A) alpha decay (B) beta decay (C) gamma decay (D) nuclear fusion

Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the sentence: The nuclei of two isotopes of an element contains the same number of __________ but a different number of __________.

The light from the sun takes approximately 8 minutes to reach us. Approximately how far away is the sun from the Earth? (A) 150 million kilometers (B) 150 billion kilometers (C) 150 trillion kilometers (D) 150 gazillion kilometers

Which statement best explains how the energy from the sun reaches Earth? (A) The sun's energy reaches Earth via conduction because heat flows from the hot sun to the cooler Earth. (B) The sun's energy reaches Earth via convection currents. (C) The sun's energy reaches Earth via thermal radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves. (D) The sun's energy reaches Earth via all of the above methods.

How does the sun produce its energy? (A) The sun produces energy via nuclear fission reactions at its core. (B) The sun produces energy via nuclear fusion reactions at its core. (C) The sun produces energy via combustion reactions on its surface. (D) The sun produces energy via exothermic chemical reactions on its surface.

Why is it usually much colder at the North Pole and the South Pole compared to places nearer the equator? (A) The snow and ice at the North Pole and South Pole cool down the air, causing the temperature to drop. (B) There's no atmosphere at the North Pole and the South Pole, so all the heat escapes, causing the temperature to drop. (C) The poles are farther away from the sun than most other places on Earth. (D) The curvature of the Earth causes the sun's rays to spread out over a larger surface area at the poles compared to at the equator.

Which of the following is a way to combat global warming? (A) Ban gardeners and farmers from using greenhouses because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. (B) Use renewable energy sources such as wind or solar power. (C) Cut down more trees in the rainforests to stop them from producing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. (D) Burn more fossil fuels to get rid of these carbon-containing compounds.

The number of which subatomic particle determines the identity of an element? (A) neutrons (B) protons (C) electrons (D) alpha particles

Which of the following statements does NOT support the Pangaea theory? (A) Identical deposits of minerals have been found at corresponding locations along both the African and South American coasts. (B) The shape of the west coast of Africa seems to fit perfectly with the shape of the east coast of South America. (C) Paleontologists have discovered matching fossils from identical species of land animals at corresponding locations along both the African and South American coasts. (D) The Big Bang theory states that all matter in the universe expanded outward from the same point in space.

Which of the following correctly represents the hierarchy in living organisms, classified from smallest to the largest? (A) cell, organelle, tissue, organ system, organ, organism (B) cell, tissue, organ system, organ, organelle, organism (C) organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle (D) organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Which of the following always stays the same when a chemical reaction takes place? (A) the amount of gas (B) the number of molecules (C) the number of atoms (D) the temperature

Which of the following correctly represents the progression of life on Earth according to the fossil record, from earliest life forms to the most recent? (A) fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals (B) amphibians, fish, reptiles, mammals, birds (C) fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals (D) fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds

Which of the following processes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? (A) photosynthesis (B) the formation of fossils and fossil fuels (C) respiration by plants and animals (D) burying waste matter in landfills

Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the sentence: The normal number of chromosomes in a human body cell is When the sex cells (sperm and egg) are created during the haploid number of chromosomes, , results.

What type of energy does the bob have when it swings to its highest point?

If the mass of the bob is \(4 \mathrm{~kg}\) and the maximum height it reaches is \(1.8 \mathrm{~m}\), what is the speed of the bob as it swings through the lowest position? (A) \(1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) (B) \(3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) (C) \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) (D) \(6 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)

Select the chemical equation that is correctly balanced. (A) \(\mathrm{Mg}+\mathrm{Cl}_2 \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{MgCl}\) (B) \(\mathrm{CH}_4+\mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CO}_2\) (C) \(2 \mathrm{Al}+3 \mathrm{Cl}_2 \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{AlCl}_3\) (D) \(2 \mathrm{Na}+\mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{O}\)

How many valence electrons does a carbon atom (symbol C) have? (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 18

Which of the following elements is the least chemically reactive? (A) fluorine, based on its seven valence electrons (B) neon, based on its Group 8 status (C) lithium, based on its one valence electron (D) sulfur, based on its six valence electrons

Which of the following statements about sodium (symbol Na) is NOT true? (A) Sodium has 11 electrons. (B) Sodium has 23 neutrons. (C) Sodium has 3 electron shells. (D) Sodium's first energy shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

Which of the following statements is true? (A) Hydrogen bonds to itself, forming hydrogen bonds. (B) Carbon reacts with hydrogen by sharing valence electrons to form covalent bonds. (C) Potassium reacts with chlorine by sharing valence electrons to form a covalent bond. (D) Magnesium reacts with argon to form ionic bonds.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. (B) Saturn is a giant gas planet. (C) Pluto is no longer considered to be a proper planet. (D) Jupiter is about half the size of the sun.

Which car has the greatest unbalanced force acting on it? (A) red (B) orange (C) green (D) blue

The year can be split into four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), which are marked by particular weather patterns and daylight hours. What is the main factor that causes the change in the seasons? (A) the distance of the Earth from the sun (B) global warming (C) the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation (D) movement of tectonic plates

According to the best scientific estimates, approximately how old is the Earth? (A) 6,000 years old (B) 5 million years old (C) 5 billion years old (D) 15 billion years old

Fossils are produced when a plant or animal dies and its remains become buried in mud, silt, or sand, which then gets compacted and compressed into rock. Which of the following types of rock is most likely to contain fossils? (A) sedimentary rock (B) igneous rock (C) metamorphic rock (D) magma

Select the correct words from the given options to fill in the blanks: Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface. Magma is sometimes expelled via a up to the surface, where it is known as Options: tidal wave flash flood volcano sediment lava coal

Why is there a greater level of genetic diversity for species that reproduce sexually compared to those that reproduce asexually? (A) The offspring of parents that reproduce sexually inherit only the traits from the dominant parent. (B) The offspring of parents that reproduce sexually inherit brandnew traits entirely unlike those of either parent. (C) Organisms that reproduce sexually tend to produce more offspring than those that reproduce asexually. (D) The offspring of parents that reproduce sexually inherit a mix of traits from both parents.

Which of the following colors in the visible part of the spectrum has the lowest energy? (A) red light (B) green light (C) purple light (D) blue light

Select the correct words from the given options to fill in the blanks: Gamma rays have wavelengths and frequencies, whereas radio waves have wavelengths and frequencies. Options: long short high low

Which of the following best explains why we use radio waves for our communications applications? (A) Radio waves have short wavelengths and are low-energy waves. (B) Radio waves have short wavelengths and are high-energy waves. (C) Radio waves have long wavelengths and are low-energy waves. (D) Radio waves have long wavelengths and are high-energy waves.

Which of the following systems includes the surface of the Earth? (A) lithosphere (B) biosphere (C) hydrosphere (D) atmosphere

Which two events listed are highly predictable? [A] lunar eclipses [B] hurricanes [C] earthquakes [D] the appearance of Haley's comet

Which of the following is a true statement? (A) The dragonflies are producers, the phytoplankton are primary consumers, and the snakes are tertiary consumers. (B) The phytoplankton are producers, the dragonflies are primary consumers, and the snakes are tertiary consumers. (C) The phytoplankton are producers, the snakes are primary consumers, and the dragonflies are tertiary consumers. (D) The snakes are producers, the dragonflies are primary consumers, and the phytoplankton are tertiary consumers.

Which of the following statements regarding a food web is NOT true? (A) When an organism is eaten, most of the energy stored in its body is transferred to the biomass (flesh) of the consumer. (B) Primary consumers are herbivores. (C) Animals are heterotrophs. (D) Plants are autotrophs.

The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that the ecosystem can handle is known as (A) predation (B) natural selection (C) the carrying capacity (D) biodiversity

Which of the following did not play a significant part in Charles Darwin's theories of evolution? (A) survival of the fittest. (B) natural selection. (C) DNA. (D) adaptation.

Sirius is the name of a star that is approximately 86 trillion kilometers (8.6 light-years) away from the Earth. How long does the light from Sirius take to reach the Earth? (A) 86 trillion seconds (B) 300,000 seconds (C) \(8.6\) seconds (D) \(8.6\) years

What can you deduce about a star if the light from it has been blue-shifted? (A) The star is cooler than most other stars. (B) The light from the star is traveling faster than light normally travels. (C) The star is moving away from Earth. (D) The star is moving toward Earth.

All the following statements provide evidence supporting the Big Bang theory EXCEPT (A) the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. (B) the Doppler effect showing that starlight is red-shifted. (C) spectral analysis of starlight showing a relative abundance of hydrogen and helium. (D) sound waves left over from the Big Bang.