Structure and Bonding

Give the ground-state electron configuration for each of the following elements:

(d)

What are likely formulas for the following molecules?

 (a) NH_?OH (b)AlCl_? (c) CF₂Cl_? (d) CHO_?

(a)

What are likely formulas for the following molecules?

 (a)  NH_?OH (b) AlCl_?(c) CF₂Cl (d)CHO_?  

(b)

What are likely formulas for the following molecules?

 (a) $N{H}_{?}OH$ (b) $AlC{l}_{?}$ (c) $C{F}_{2}C{l}_{?}$ (d) $CH{O}_{?}$

Why can’t molecules with the following formulas exist

a) $C{H}_5$ (b) $C_2{H}_{6}N$ (c) $C_2{H}_{5}Br$

Why can’t molecules with the following formulas exist

a) $C{H}_5$ (b) $C_2{H}_{6}N$ (c) $C_3{H}_{5}Br$

Why can’t molecules with the following formulas exist

a) $C{H}_5$ (b) $C_2{H}_{5}N$ (c) $C_3{H}_{5}B{r}_2$

Tell the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon atom in 

                                                    Oseltamivir

                                                      (Tamiflu)

(b) the platelet aggregation inhibitor clopidogrel, marketed as Plavix. Give the molecular formula of each

                                                     Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Oxaloacetic acid, an important intermediate in food metabolism, has the formula and contains three  bonds and two  bonds. Propose two possible structures.

Convert the following molecular formulas into line-bond structures that are consistent with valence rules:

(a)  ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{8}}$                          (b)     ${\mathbf{CH}}_{\mathbf{5}}\mathbf{N}$             

(c)  ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{6}}\mathbf{O}$(2 possibilities)  (d) ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{7}}\mathbf{Br}$  (2 possibilities)

 (e ) ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{4}}\mathbf{O}$  (3 possibilities)  (f) ${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{9}}\mathbf{N}$  (4 possibilities)

Convert the following line-bond structures into molecular formulas

(a)

                                    Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid)

(b) 

                                              Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

(c)

                                                                   Nicotine

(d) 

                                                             Glucose

Fill in any nonbonding valence electrons that are missing from the following structures

(a)

                                                       Dimethyl sulfide

(b)

                                                           Acetamide

 (c)

                                                        Acetate ion

Question: Convert each of the following molecular models into a skeletal structure, and give the formula of each. Only the connections between atoms

are shown; multiple bonds are not indicated (gray 5 C, red 5 O, blue 5 N, ivory 5 H).

(a) 

(b)

The following model is a representation of acetaminophen, a pain reliever sold in drugstores under a variety of names, including Tylenol. Identify the hybridization of each carbon atom in acetaminophen, and tell which atoms have lone pairs of electrons (gray 5 C, red 5 O, blue 5 N, ivory 5 H).

What are likely formulas for the following molecules?

 (a) $N{H}_{?}OH$ (b) $AlC{l}_{?}$ (c) $C{F}_{2}C{l}_{?}$ (d) $CH{O}_{?}$ 

What are likely formulas for the following molecules?

 (a) $N{H}_{?}OH$   (b) $AlC{l}_{?}$   (c) $C{F}_{2}C{l}_{?}$  (d)  $CH{O}_{?}$

What kind of hybridization do you expect for each carbon atom in the following molecules?

(a) ${\mathbf{CH}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{CH}}_{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{CH}}_{\mathbf{3}}$

(b) 2-methylpropene

(c) But-1-en-3-yne ${\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{C}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{CH}\mathbf{-}\mathbf{C}\equiv \mathbf{CH}$

(d) Acetic acid

Propose structures for molecules that meet the following descriptions:

 (a) Contains two sp^{2$\underset{v}{\to }$} -hybridized carbons and two  -hybridized carbons 

(b) Contains only four carbons, all of which are  -hybridized

 (c) Contains two  -hybridized carbons and two  -hybridized carbons

What kind of hybridization do you expect for each carbon atom in the following molecules?

(a)

Procaine

                                        Quetiapine(Seroquel)

(b)

                                          Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Pyridoxal phosphate, a close relative of vitamin B₆, is involved in a large number of metabolic reactions. Tell the hybridization, and predict the bond angles for each nonterminal atom?

                                          Pyridoxal phosphate

Convert the following structures into skeletal drawings

(a)

                                             Indole

(b)

                                Quetiapine(Seroquel)

                                  1,3-pentadiene

(c)

                                1,2-dicholorcyclopentane

(d)

                                            Benzoquinone

Convert the following structures into skeletal drawings

(a)

                                                 Indole

(b)

                            Quetiapine(Seroquel)

                           1,3-pentadiene

(c)

                                      1,2-dicholorcyclopentane

(d)

                                            Benzoquinone

Convert the following structures into skeletal drawings

(a)

                                             Indole

(b)

                                         Quetiapine(Seroquel)

                                          1,3-pentadiene

(c)

                                       1,2-dicholorcyclopentane

(d)

                                                Benzoquinone

Convert the following structures into skeletal drawings

(a)

                                  Quetiapine(Seroquel)

(b)

                                     1,3-pentadiene

(c)

                                    1,2-dicholorcyclopentane

(d)

                                        Benzoquinone

(a)

Tell the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon atom in the following substances, and give the molecular formula of each:

(b)

                                       Quetiapine(Seroquel)

(c)

Tell the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon atom in the following substances, and give the molecular formula of each:

(a)

(b)

                                        Quetiapine(Seroquel)

(c)

Question: Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel, is a heavily prescribed antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Convert the following representation into a skeletal structure, and give the molecular formula of quetiapine.

Tell the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon atom in the following substances, and give the molecular formula of each:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Allene, $HC=C=C{H}_2$ is somewhat unusual in that it has two adjacent double bonds. Draw a picture showing the orbitals involved in the s and p bonds of allene. Is the central carbon atom sp² or sp-hybridized? What about the hybridization of the terminal carbons? What shape do you predict for allene?

Allene (see Problem 1-47) is structurally related to carbon dioxide, . Draw a picture showing the orbitals involved in the s and p bonds of  , and identify the likely hybridization of carbon.

There are two different substances with the formula C₃H₆. Draw both, and tell how they differ.

There are two different substances with the formula C₂H₆O. Draw both, and tell how they differ.

There are three different substances that contain a carbon–carbon double bond and have the formula C₄H₈. Draw them, and tell how they differ.

Among the most common over-the-counter drugs you might find in a medicine cabinet are mild pain relievers such ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and acetaminophen (Tylenol). 

(a) How many sp³-hybridized carbons does each molecule have? 

(b) How many sp²-hybridized carbons does each molecule have? 

(c) Can you spot any similarities in their structures?