Organic Chemistry

Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures:

(a) ethanol reacts with propionic acid

(b) benzoic acid, \({{\bf{C}}_{\bf{6}}}{{\bf{H}}_{\bf{5}}}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{O}}_{\bf{2}}}{\bf{H,}}\) is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.

Write two complete balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures.

(a) 1-butanol reacts with acetic acid

(b) propionic acid is poured onto solid calcium carbonate

Yields in organic reactions are sometimes low. What is the percent yield of a process that produces 13.0 g of ethyl acetate from \(10.0\;g\) of\(C{H_3}C{O_2}H\) ?

Alcohols\(A,B\) , and \(C\) all have the composition \({C_4}{H_{10}}O.\) Molecules of alcohol A contain a branched carbon chain and can be oxidized to an aldehyde; molecules of alcohol B contain a linear carbon chain and can be oxidized to a ketone; and molecules of alcohol C can be oxidized to neither an aldehyde nor a ketone. Write the Lewis structures of these molecules.

Write the Lewis structures of both isomers with the \(formula {C_2}{H_7}\;N. \) 

What is the molecular structure about the nitrogen atom in trimethyl amine and in the trimethyl ammonium ion, \({\left( {C{H_3}} \right)_3}N{H^ + }\)? What is the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in trimethyl amine and in the trimethyl ammonium ion?

Write the two resonance structures for the pyridinium ion, \({C_5}{H_5}N{H^ + }. \) 

Draw Lewis structures for pyridine and its conjugate acid, the pyridinium ion, \({C_5}{H_5}N{H^ + }.\) \(What are\) the geometries and hybridizations about the nitrogen atoms in pyridine and in the pyridinium ion?

Write the Lewis structures of all isomers with the formula \({C_3}{H_7}ON \) that contain an amide linkage. 

Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures.

Ethylammonium chloride is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.

Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the reactions in Exercise 20.26.

Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the reactions in Exercise 20.39.

Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the reactions in Exercise 20.51.