Lipids

Draw the structure for the steroid nucleus.

Draw the structure for cholesterol.

What is the function of bile salts in digestion?

Why are lipoproteins needed to transport lipids in the bloodstream?

How do chylomicrons differ from VLDL?

How does LDL differ from HDL?

Why is $HDL$ called "good" cholesterol?

Why is $LDL$ called "bad" cholesterol?

What are the similarities and differences between the steroid hormones estradiol and testosterone?

Identify the functional groups in TriCor.

What is the function of the lipid bilayer in a cell membrane?

Describe the structure of a lipid bilayer.

How do molecules of cholesterol affect the structure of cell membranes?

How do the unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids affect the structure of cell membranes?

Where are proteins located in cell membranes?

What is the difference between peripheral and integral proteins?

Identify the type of transport described by each of the following:

a. A molecule moves through a protein channel.

b. ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ moves into the cell from a higher concentration outside the cell.

Identify the type of transport described by each of the following:

a. An ion moves from low to high concentration in the cell.

b. Carbon dioxide moves through a cell membrane.

Identify the functional groups in Pravachol.

Six months after Rebecca started using Pravachol, her blood test showed that a $5.0mL$ blood sample contained a total cholesterol of $18 mg$.

a. How many grams of Pravachol did Rebecca consume in 1 week?

b. What was her total cholesterol in  ?

Five months after Rebecca added the fibrate TriCor to the statin, her blood test showed that a $5.0 mL$ blood sample contained a total cholesterol of $14 mg$.

a. How many grams of TriCor did Rebecca consume in $1$ week?

b. What was her total cholesterol in $\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{dL}$ ?

Palm oil has a high level of glyceryl tripalmitate (tripalmitin). Draw the condensed structural formula for glyceryl tripalmitate $(15.2,15.3)$.

Jojoba wax in candles consists of a 20-carbon saturated fatty acid and a $20$-carbon saturated alcohol. Draw the condensed structural formula for jojoba wax $(15.2,15.3)$.

Draw the condensed structural formula for a glycerophospholipid that contains glycerol, two stearic acids, phosphate, and ethanolamine (ionized). 

Among the ingredients in lipstick are beeswax, carnauba wax, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and glyceryl tricaprate (tricaprin). 

a. What types of lipids are these?

b. Draw the condensed structural formula for glyceryl tricaprate (tricaprin). Capric acid is a saturated $10-$carbon fatty acid.

Identify each of the following as a saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-$3$, or omega-$6$ fatty acid:

(a)

(b) linoleic acid

(c)

Identify each of the following as a saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-$3$, or omega-$6$ fatty acid:

(a)

(b) linoleic acid

(c)

Because peanut oil floats on the top of peanut butter, the peanut oil in many brands of peanut butter is hydrogenated and the solid is mixed into the peanut butter to give a product that does not separate. If a triacylglycerol in peanut oil that contains one oleic acid and two linoleic acids is completely hydrogenated, draw the condensed structural formula for the product. 

The total kilocalories and grams of fat for some typical meals at fast-food restaurants are listed here. Calculate the number of kilocalories and the percentage of total kilocalories from fat $(1 gram = 9 kcal)$. Round answers to the tens place.

a. a chicken dinner, $830 kcal, 46g$ of fat

b. a quarter-pound cheeseburger, $520 kcal, 29g$of fat

c. pepperoni pizza (three slices), $560 kcal, 18g$ of fat

The total kilocalories and grams of fat for some typical meals at fast-food restaurants are listed here. Calculate the number of kilocalories and the percentage of total kilocalories from fat ( $1$ gram of fat $=9kcal$. Round answers to the tens place.

a. a beef burrito, $470 kcal, 21g$ of fat

b. deep-fried fish (three pieces), $480 kcal, 28g$ of fat

c. a jumbo hot dog, $180 kcal, 18g$ of fat

 Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, soap, triacylglycerol, wax, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, or steroid: 

a. beeswax

b. cholesterol

c. lecithin

d. glyceryl tripalmitate (tripalmitin)

e. sodium stearate

f. safflower oil

Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, soap, triacylglycerol, wax, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, or steroid:

a. sphingomyelin

b. whale blubber

c. adipose tissue

d. progesterone

e. cortisone

f. stearic acid

15.81 Identify the components ($1$ to $6$ ) contained in each of the following lipids (a to d):

1. glycerol

2. fatty acid

3. phosphate

4. amino alcohol

5. steroid nucleus

6. sphingosine

a. estrogen

b. cephalin

c. wax

d. triacylglycerol

15.82 Identify the components (1 to 6) contained in each of the following lipids (a to d):

1. glycerol

2. fatty acid

3. phosphate

4. amino alcohol

5. steroid nucleus

6. sphingosine

a. glycerophospholipid

b. sphingomyelin

c. aldosterone

d. linoleic acid

Which of the following are found in cell membranes? 

a. cholesterol

b. triacylglycerols

c. carbohydrates

Which of the following are found in cell membranes?

a. proteins

b. waxes

c. phospholipids

Sunflower seed oil can be used to make margarine. A triacylglycerol in sunflower seed oil contains two linoleic acids and one oleic acid. 

a. Draw the condensed structural formulas for two isomers of the triacylglycerol in sunflower seed oil.

b. Using one of the isomers, write the reaction that takes place when sunflower seed oil is used to make solid margarine.

Match the lipoprotein ($1$ to $4$ ) with its description (a to d).

1. chylomicrons

2. VLDL

3. LDL

4. HDL

a. "good" cholesterol

b. transports most of the cholesterol to the cells

c. carries triacylglycerols from the intestine to the fat cells

d. transports cholesterol to the liver

Match the lipoprotein ( $1$ to $4$ ) with its description (a to d).

1. chylomicrons

2. VLDL

3. LDL

4. HDL

a. has the greatest abundance of protein

b. "bad" cholesterol

c. carries triacylglycerols synthesized in the liver to the muscles

d. has the lowest density

One of the triacylglycerols in olive oil is glyceryl tripalmitoleate (tripalmitolein). 

a. Draw the condensed structural formula for glyceryl tripalmitoleate (tripalmitolein).

b. How many liters of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ gas at STP are needed to completely saturate $100 g$ of glyceryl tripalmitoleate (tripalmitolein)?

c. How many milliliters of a $0.250 M NaOH$ solution are needed to completely react with $100 g$ of glyceryl tripalmitoleate (tripalmitolein)?

$1.00$ mole of glyceryl trioleate (triolein) is completely hydrogenated.

a. Draw the condensed structural formula for the product.

b. How many moles of hydrogen are required?

c. How many grams of hydrogen are required?

d. How many liters of hydrogen gas are needed if the reaction is run at STP?

A sink drain can become clogged with solid fat such as glyceryl tristearate (tristearin) 

a. How would adding lye $NaOH$ to the sink drain remove the blockage?

b. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.

c. How many milliliters of a $0.500 M NaOH$ solution are needed to completely react with $10.0 g$ of glyceryl tristearate (tristearin)?

The insect repellant DEET is an amide that can be made from the amidification of 3-methylbenzoic acid with diethylamine.

A 6.0 can of DEET repellant contains 25% DEET.

a. Draw the line angle formula of DEET.

b. Give the molecular formula of DEET.

c. What is the molar mass of DEET?

d. How many grams of DEET in one spray can?

e. Hoe many molecules of DEET in one spray can?

Glyceryl triplymerate is found in the seeds of nurturing.  Triplymerate of used as a lubricant and fragrance in soaps and shaving creams. Isopropyl myristate is used to increase absorption in creams. Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following.

a. myristic acid

b. glyceryl trimyristate

c. isopropyl myristate

d. production of saponification of glyceryl trimyristate with KOH.

e. reactants and products for oxidation of myristyl alcohol to myristic acid.

Using the internet look up the condensed structural formula for the medicinal drugs and list up the functional groups in the compounds.

a. baclofen, a muscle relaxant

b. anethole, a licorice flavoring agent in anise and fennel

c. alibendol, an antispasmodic drug

d. pargyline, an antihypertensive drug

e. naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

The plastic known as PETE (Polytethylenetetraphathalate) is used to make plastic bottles and containers for shampoo and dishwashing agents. PETE is made of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol liquids. Today PETE is the most widely recycled plastic. In one year 1.5*10⁹ lb of PETE is recycled. After it is separated from other plastics, PETE can be used in polyester fabrics, door mats, and tennis ball containers. The density of PETE is 1.38 g/mL.

a. Draw the line angle formula for the center formed from one molecule of terephthalic acid and one molecule of ethylene glycol.

b. Draw the line angle formula for the product formed when a second molecule of ethylene glycol reacts with the enter you draw in part a.

c. How many kilograms of PETE is recycled in one year?

d. What volume, in liters of PETE is recycled in one year?

e. Suppose a landfill holds 2.7*10⁷ L of recycled PETE. If all the PETE that is recycled in one year were placed instead in landfills, how many would fir?

The plastic known as PETE (polyethyleneterephthalate) is used to make plastic soft drink bottles and containers for salad dressing, shampoos, and dishwashing liquids. PETE is made from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Today, PETE is the most widely recycled of all plastics. In one year, $1.5\times {10}^9\mathrm{lb}$ of PETE is recycled. After it is separated from other plastics, PETE can be used in polyester fabric, doormats, and tennis ball containers. The density of PETE is 1.38g/ml.

a. Draw the line-angle formula for the ester formed from one molecule of terephthalic acid and one molecule of ethylene glycol.

b. Draw the line-angle formula for the product formed when a second molecule of ethylene glycol reacts with the ester you drew in part a.

c. How many kilograms of PETE is recycled in one year?

d. What volume, in litres, of PETE is recycled in one year?

e. Suppose a landfill holds $2.7\times {10}^7$L of recycled PETE. If all the PETE that is recycled in a year were placed instead in landfills, how many would it fill?

Using the Internet, look up the condensed structural formulas for the following medicinal drugs and list the functional groups in the compounds: 

a. baclofen, a muscle relaxant

b. anethole, a licorice flavoring agent in anise and fennel

c. alibendol, an antispasmodic drug

d. pargyline, an antihypertensive drug

e. naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Panose is a trisaccharide that is being considered a possible sweetener by the food industry.

a. What are monosaccharide units A, B, and C?

b. What type of glycosidic bond connects monosaccharides A and B?

c. What type of glycosidic bond connects monosaccharides B and C? 

d. Is the structure is drawn as $\mathrm{\alpha } \mathrm{or} \mathrm{\beta }-\mathrm{panose}$?

e. Why would panose be a reducing sugar?