Chapter 8

Which of the following statement is true? (a) At room temperature, formyl chloride is present in the form of \(\mathrm{CO}\) and \(\mathrm{HCl}\). (b) Acetamide behaves as a weak base as well as a weak acid. (c) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CONH}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{LiAlH}_{4}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\). (d) All of the above.

Which of the following reaction is possible? (i) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COCl}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{HCl}\) (ii) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOCH}_{3}+\mathrm{HBr} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COBr}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\) (iii) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CONH}_{2}+\mathrm{HBr} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COBr}+\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) (iv) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOCOCH}_{3}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\) (a) \(\mathrm{i}\) and \(\mathrm{iv}\) (b) \(\mathrm{i}\), iii and iv (c) \(\mathrm{i}\), ii and iv (d) All the four

Grignard reagents are powerful nucleophiles and strong bases. They act as nucleophiles by attacking a variety of compounds including saturated and unsaturated carbon atoms. Examples of reaction on saturated carbon include oxiranes (epoxides) which form alcohols as the final product. When \(\mathrm{R}\) and \(\mathrm{R}^{\prime}=\mathrm{H}\), product is \(1^{\circ}\) alcohol. When \(\mathrm{R}\) and \(\mathrm{R}^{\prime}=\) Alkyl group, product is \(3^{\circ}\) alcohol. When one \(\mathrm{R}\) or \(\mathrm{R}^{\prime}\) is alkyl, product is \(2^{\circ}\) alcohol. Epoxides react with Grignard reagent to form (a) Primary alcohols (b) Secondary alcohols (c) Tertiary alcohols (d) Any of the three

Which of the following is not possible? (a) \(\mathrm{ICH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{NaCl} \underset{\longrightarrow}{\text { Acetone }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{ClCH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{NaI}\) (b) \(\mathrm{ClCH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{NaI} \stackrel{\text { Acetone }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{ICH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{NaCl}\) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Acid amide do not undergo the usual properties of carbonyl, \(\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}\) group because (a) it is a weak base (b) it is a weak acid (c) it is amphoteric (d) its carbonyl carbon is not electron deficient

Grignard reagents are powerful nucleophiles and strong bases. They act as nucleophiles by attacking a variety of compounds including saturated and unsaturated carbon atoms. Examples of reaction on saturated carbon include oxiranes (epoxides) which form alcohols as the final product. When \(\mathrm{R}\) and \(\mathrm{R}^{\prime}=\mathrm{H}\), product is \(1^{\circ}\) alcohol. When \(\mathrm{R}\) and \(\mathrm{R}^{\prime}=\) Alkyl group, product is \(3^{\circ}\) alcohol. When one \(\mathrm{R}\) or \(\mathrm{R}^{\prime}\) is alkyl, product is \(2^{\circ}\) alcohol. On the basis of the above two passages, steps involved in the following conversion are (a) Protection of the \(-\) OH group, followed by reaction with (b) Protection of the \(-\) OH group, followed by reaction with \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CHO}\) (c) Protection of the \(-\) OH group, followed by reaction with \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCHO}\) (d) Reaction is not feasible to give quantitative yield

Which of the following statement is true regarding aspirin, a commonly used antipyretic and analgesic? Given \(\mathrm{pK}_{\mathrm{a}}\) for aspirin \(=3.5 ; \mathrm{pH}\) in stomach and small intestine is \(2.5\) and 8 , respectively. (a) It is completely ionized in the stomach and almost un-ionized in the small intestine. (b) It is ionized in the small intestine and almost un-ionized in the stomach. (c) It is ionized in the stomach and almost un-ionized in the small intestine. (d) It is neither ionized in stomach nor in intestine.

Alkyl halides and alcohols easily undergo nucleophilic substitution either through \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) or \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism. The relative case of these two processes depends upon the nature of the substrate (alkyl group as well as leaving group), nature of nucleophile and also upon the nature of solvent. \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) mechanism involves the formation of carbocation as intermediate while \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism involves the formation of a transition pentavalent state. \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) is the main mechanism in \(3^{\circ}\) alkyl halides and alcohols, while \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism is the path adopted by most of the \(1^{\circ}\) alkyl halides and \(2^{\circ}\) alkyl halides may follow \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) as well as \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\). Which of the following solvent will give maximum yield for an alkyl halide undergoing \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) mechanism? (a) Water (b) Ethanol (c) Diethyl ether (d) \(\mathrm{n}\) -hexane

Alkyl halides and alcohols easily undergo nucleophilic substitution either through \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) or \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism. The relative case of these two processes depends upon the nature of the substrate (alkyl group as well as leaving group), nature of nucleophile and also upon the nature of solvent. \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) mechanism involves the formation of carbocation as intermediate while \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism involves the formation of a transition pentavalent state. \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) is the main mechanism in \(3^{\circ}\) alkyl halides and alcohols, while \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism is the path adopted by most of the \(1^{\circ}\) alkyl halides and \(2^{\circ}\) alkyl halides may follow \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) as well as \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\). Rearrangement of alkyl groups occur when hydrogen halides react with alcohols except with most primary alcohols. The best explanation is that (a) The \(1^{\circ}\) carbocations are unstable and hence are not formed. (b) The \(1^{\circ}\) carbocations are unable to undergo rearrangement. (c) Both (a) and (b) are true (d) Both (a) and (b) are false

Alkyl halides and alcohols easily undergo nucleophilic substitution either through \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) or \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism. The relative case of these two processes depends upon the nature of the substrate (alkyl group as well as leaving group), nature of nucleophile and also upon the nature of solvent. \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) mechanism involves the formation of carbocation as intermediate while \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism involves the formation of a transition pentavalent state. \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) is the main mechanism in \(3^{\circ}\) alkyl halides and alcohols, while \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism is the path adopted by most of the \(1^{\circ}\) alkyl halides and \(2^{\circ}\) alkyl halides may follow \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) as well as \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\). Neopentyl alcohol, \(\mathrm{Me}_{3} \mathrm{CCH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\), reacts with HX according to (a) \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) mechanism (b) \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) mechanism (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None

Hydrolysis of esters in presence of an acid is a reversible reaction. What is true about ester hydrolysis in presence of a base? (a) It is irreversible because salts of carboxylic acids are insoluble. (b) It is irreversible because salts of carboxylic acids have high melting points. (c) It is irreversible because carboxylate ion is resonance stabilized. (d) It is a reversible reaction.

A chemist treated a compound \(\mathrm{X}\) with \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) in presence of acetone as solvent. However, he recovered the starting material as such, and instead isolated a small amount of the product A. The product A was shown to have \(\mathrm{C}\), \(\mathrm{H}\) and \(\mathrm{O}\) and it had a molecular weight of \(116 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\). It gave a positive iodoform test and was found to be identical with a compound obtained by the aldol self-condensation of acetone. Although the product A did not discharge colour of bromine in \(\mathrm{CCl}_{d^{\prime}}\) its dehydration product \(B\) with hot sulphuric acid discharged bromine dissolved in \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\).

What is the molecular weight of a compound that undergoes an aldol self- condensation reaction and whose dehydrated product has a molecular weight of \(70 ?\) (a) 35 (b) 44 (c) 49 (d) 58

The aldol self-condensation of acetone is in equilibrium that favours acetone over its corresponding product. Which of the following conditions is most likely to shift the position of equilibrium toward product A? (a) By using a catalytic amount of \(\mathrm{NaOH}\). (b) By using only a catalytic amount of acetone. (c) By removing product \(A\) as soon as it is formed. (d) By increasing reaction temperature.

The yield of ester in esterification can be increased by $$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$$ (a) removing water (b) taking ethanol in excess (c) taking acetic acid in excess (d) all the above factors

Amides undergo hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acid plus amine on heating in either aqueous acid or aqueous base. The conditions required for amide hydrolysis are more severe than those required for the hydrolysis of esters, anhydrides or acid chlorides, but the mechanism is similar (nucleophilic acyl substitution). Nucleophilic acyl substitutions involve a tetrahedral intermediate, hence these are quite different from alkyl substitution \(\left(\mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{Br} \underset{\mathrm{NaCN}}{\rightarrow} \mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CN}\right)\) which involves a pentavalent intermediate or transition state. One of the important reactions of esters is their reaction with two equivalent of a Grignard reagent to give tertiary alcohols. The mechanism involved during the hydrolysis of acid derivatives is (a) elimination-addition (b) addition-elimination (c) nucleophilic addition-elimination (d) electrophilic addition-elimination

Amides undergo hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acid plus amine on heating in either aqueous acid or aqueous base. The conditions required for amide hydrolysis are more severe than those required for the hydrolysis of esters, anhydrides or acid chlorides, but the mechanism is similar (nucleophilic acyl substitution). Nucleophilic acyl substitutions involve a tetrahedral intermediate, hence these are quite different from alkyl substitution \(\left(\mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{Br} \underset{\mathrm{NaCN}}{\rightarrow} \mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CN}\right)\) which involves a pentavalent intermediate or transition state. One of the important reactions of esters is their reaction with two equivalent of a Grignard reagent to give tertiary alcohols. For which functional derivative of carboxylic acids, acidic hydrolysis is avoided? (a) Acid chlorides (b) Acid amides (c) Acid anhydrides (d) Esters

Amides undergo hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acid plus amine on heating in either aqueous acid or aqueous base. The conditions required for amide hydrolysis are more severe than those required for the hydrolysis of esters, anhydrides or acid chlorides, but the mechanism is similar (nucleophilic acyl substitution). Nucleophilic acyl substitutions involve a tetrahedral intermediate, hence these are quite different from alkyl substitution \(\left(\mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{Br} \underset{\mathrm{NaCN}}{\rightarrow} \mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CN}\right)\) which involves a pentavalent intermediate or transition state. One of the important reactions of esters is their reaction with two equivalent of a Grignard reagent to give tertiary alcohols. Which of the following methods is more general for preparing nitriles? (a) \(\mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{NaCN} \longrightarrow \mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CN}+\mathrm{NaBr}\) (b) \(\mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CONH}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{10}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CN}\) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Which of the following statements is true? (a) Hydrogen bonding always increases the acidic character of a species. (b) Hydrogen bonding always decreases the acidic character of a species. (c) Hydrogen bonding may increase or decrease the acidic character of a species. (d) Hydrogen bonding play no role in determining the acidity of a species.

Methanoic acid, the first member of carboxylic acid series, when warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid decompose in the following way and evolve carbon monoxide The driving force for this reaction lies in the fact that the \(\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{O}^{+}\) ion is very unstable acid and thus easily loses \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\). Formic acid on heating with conc. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) gives (a) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CO}\) (d) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

Choose the correct statement regarding acidic character of acetic acid, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\) and peroxyacetic acid, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOOH}\). (a) Peroxyacetic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid since the former has one extra oxygen, an electronegative element. (b) Peroxyacetic acid is stronger than acetic acid because its conjugate base is a weaker base than acetate. (c) Peroxyacetic acid is weaker than acetic acid because its conjugate base is less stable than that of acetate ion. (d) Both are equally strong.

Methanoic acid, the first member of carboxylic acid series, when warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid decompose in the following way and evolve carbon monoxide The driving force for this reaction lies in the fact that the \(\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{O}^{+}\) ion is very unstable acid and thus easily loses \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\). What happens when acetic acid is treated with conc. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) ? (a) \(\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}+\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) (d) No reaction

A carboxylic acid can best be converted into acid chloride by using (a) \(\mathrm{PCl}_{5}\) (b) \(\mathrm{SOCl}_{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{HCl}\) (d) \(\mathrm{ClCOCOCl}\)

Methanoic acid, the first member of carboxylic acid series, when warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid decompose in the following way and evolve carbon monoxide The driving force for this reaction lies in the fact that the \(\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{O}^{+}\) ion is very unstable acid and thus easily loses \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\). If acetic acid is replaced by triphenylacetic acid, the product formed will be (a) \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{CH}+\mathrm{CO}\) (b) \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{CH}+\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) (c) \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{COH}+\mathrm{CO}\) (d) No reaction

The yield of acid amide in the reaction, \(\mathrm{RCOCl}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \longrightarrow \mathrm{RCONH}_{2^{\prime}}\) is maximum when (a) acid chloride and ammonia are treated in equimolar ratio (b) acid chloride and ammonia are treated in \(1: 2\) molar ratio (c) acid chloride and ammonia are treated in \(2: 1\) molar ratio (d) All the three give nearly similar result

The relative stability of the four acid derivatives towards nucleophiles is (a) Amide \(>\) Ester \(>\) Acid anhydride \(>\) Acid chloride (b) Amide \(>\) Acid anhydride \(>\) Ester \(>\) Acid chloride (c) Acid chloride \(>\) Acid anhydride \(>\) Ester \(>\) Amide (d) Acid chloride \(>\) Ester \(>\) Acid anhydride \(>\) Amide

Introduction of a methyl group in ammonia markedly increases the basic strength of ammonia in aq. solution, but introduction of the second methyl group increases only marginally the basic strength of methyl amine in water. This is due to (a) different type of hybridization in the two amines. (b) protonated dimethyl amines are more solvated than methyl amine. (c) protonated dimethyl amine is more solvated than the protonated methyl amine. (d) protonated dimethyl amine is less stable than the protonated methyl amine.

The basic character of ethyl amine, diethyl amine and triethyl amine in chlorobenzene is (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}<\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}\) (c) \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}<\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) (d) \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}\)

The correct order of decreasing basic character is (i) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) (ii) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) (iii) \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}\) (iv) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{11} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) (a) \(\mathrm{ii}>\mathrm{i}>\mathrm{iii}>\mathrm{iv}\) (b) \(\mathrm{iv}>\mathrm{ii}>\mathrm{i}>\mathrm{iii}\) (c) \(\mathrm{iv}>\mathrm{iii}>\mathrm{ii}>\mathrm{i}\) (d) \(\mathrm{iv}>\mathrm{ii}>\mathrm{iii}>\mathrm{i}\)

When aniline is treated with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, the main product is (a) o-aminoacetophenone (b) \(\mathrm{p}\) -aminoacetophenone (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) m-aminoacetophenone

Which of the following statement is false? (a) Dimethyl amine as well as trimethyl amine are soluble in water. (b) Trimethyl amine forms hydrogen bond neither with itself nor with water. (c) Trimethyl amine can act as hydrogen bond acceptor only, while dimethyl amine can serve as both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. (d) All the three statements are false.

Ephedrine is a secondary amine. It is widely used in cold and allergy conditions in the form of its hydrochloride but not as such because (a) the amine itself has an unpleasant smell, while its salt is odourless. (b) the amine is insoluble in water, while the salt is soluble in water. (c) the amine is unstable and easily oxidized by air, while the salt is resistant to atmospheric oxidation. (d) of all the above facts

Benzamide and benzyl amine can be distinguished by (a) cold. dil. \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) (b) cold dil. \(\mathrm{HCl}\) (c) both (a) and (b) (d) \(\mathrm{NaNO}_{2^{\prime}} \mathrm{HCl}, 0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), then \(\beta\) -naphthol

Which of the following is true regarding basic character of pyridine and pyrrole? (a) Pyrrole is more basic because its non-bonding electrons occupy \(\mathrm{sp}^{3}\) orbital. (b) Pyridine is more basic because its non-bonding electrons are not part of aromatic sextet. (c) Both are equally basic. (d) Pyridine is less basic because it is a tertiary amine.

Ethylene can be prepared in good yield by (a) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{I}^{-} \stackrel{\text { Heat }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}+\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}+\mathrm{HI}\) (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{OH}^{-} \stackrel{\text { Heat }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}+\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2} \stackrel{\text { Heat }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}+\mathrm{NH}_{3}\)

Which one of the following is not an oxidation product of a primary amine? (a) A hydroxylamine (b) A nitroso compound (c) A nitro compound (d) None of these

Which of the following method is used for eliminating nitrogen of an amine present outside the ring? (a) Hofmann elimination (b) Cope elimination (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Emde degradation

Which of the following does not react with nitrous acid? (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NHCH}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{~N}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2}\) (d) None of these

Which of the following leads to carbon-carbon double bond? (a) \(1^{\circ}\) amine \(+\mathrm{RCHO} \longrightarrow\) (b) \(2^{\circ}\) Amine \(+\mathrm{R}_{2} \mathrm{CO} \longrightarrow\) (c) \(2^{\circ}\) amine \(+\mathrm{RCHO} \longrightarrow\) (d) Both (b) and (c)

Electrophilic aromatic substitution of pyridine resembles with (a) benzene (b) aniline (c) nitrobenzene (d) none of these

Which of the following pair represents an example of diastereoisomers (i) (+)-Tartaric acid and meso-tartaric acid (ii) Maleic acid and fumaric acid (iii) \(\mathrm{D}(+)\) -Galactose and \(\mathrm{D}(+)\) -mannose (iv) (+)-Lactic acid and (-)-Lactic acid (a) \(\mathrm{i}\) and \(\mathrm{iii}\) (b) \(\mathrm{i}\), iii and iv (c) \(\mathrm{i}, \mathrm{ii}\) and \(\mathrm{iii}\) (d) iv