Chapter 19

The functioning of kidney is regulated by (a) Hypothalamus (b) JGA (c) Heart (d) All of these

ADH causes (a) Increased water absorption from DCT and CT (b) Increased GFR by increasing blood pressure (c) Increases reabsorption of electrolyte from distal tubules (d) All of these

Arrange the following steps in order (1) Excessive loss of fluid (2) Stimulation of osmoreceptor (3) Stimulation of Hypothalamus (4) Release of ADH or Vasopressin (5) ADH facilitate water reabsorption from distal tubules (6) Increase in body fluid switch off osmoreceptor and suppress the release of \(\mathrm{ADH}\). (a) \(1,2,3,4,5,6\) (b) \(1,3,2,4,5,6\) (c) \(6,1,2,3,4,5\) (d) \(2,3,4,1,5,6\)

Stimulus for activation of JG cells to release rennin is/are (a) \(\downarrow\) Glomerular blood flow (b) \(\downarrow\) Glomerular blood pressure (c) \(\downarrow \mathrm{GFR}\) (d) All of these

RAAS involve (a) JGA apparatus (b) Angiotensinogen (c) Adrenal cortex (d) All of these

Increase in blood pressure is caused by (a) \uparrowes ADH secretion (b) \uparrowes Aldosterone secretion (c) \uparrowes Angiotensinogen II (d) All of these

Which of the following is true about ANF? (a) Full form is Autonomic Nervous Factor (b) Antagonistic to Renin-Angiotensin mechanism (c) It causes vasoconstriction (d) All are true

Find the correct steps for micturition (arrange in order). (A) Urine filled in urinary bladder (B) Stretch-receptor activation (C) Wall of bladder send signal to CNS (D) Motor message from CNS to urinary bladder and urethral sphincter (E) Bladder contracts and sphincter dilates leads to micturition (a) \(\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{D} \rightarrow \mathrm{E}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{D} \rightarrow \mathrm{E}\) (c) \(\mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{D} \rightarrow \mathrm{E}\) (d) \(\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{E} \rightarrow \mathrm{D}\)

Neural mechanism of micturition is called (a) Micturition reflex (b) Simple reflex (c) Conditioned reflex (d) All of these

An adult human excretes how much urine per day? (a) 1-1.5 litre (b) 1.5-2 litre (c) 5-1 litre (d) 3 litre

On an average _________ of urea is excreted out per da (a) \(20-25 \mathrm{gm}\) (b) \(25-30 \mathrm{gm}\) (c) \(25-30 \mathrm{mg}\) (d) \(40-45 \mathrm{gm}\)

Analysis of urine help in the clinical diagnosis of (a) Metabolic disorders (b) Malfunctioning of kidney (c) Diabetes mellitus (d) All of these

Presence of glucose and ketone bodies in urine is called (a) Glycosuria and ketonuria (b) Glycogenic and ketonuria (c) Glycosuria and ketonemia (d) Gluconeogenesis and ketonaemia

Glycosuria and ketonuria is indicative of (a) Starvation (b) Diabetes mellitus (c) Diabetes insipidus (d) All of these

Sweat contains (a) Watery fluid with \(\mathrm{NaCl}\) (b) Urea (c) Lactic acid (d) All of these

Primary function of sweat is (a) Removal of excess of water (b) Removal of urea (c) Cooling of body surface (d) All of these

Nitrogenous waste is eliminated through (a) Kidney (b) Saliva (c) Sweat gland (d) All of these

Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes are eliminated through (a) Liver (b) Lungs (c) Sebaceous glands (d) Sweat glands

Select the incorrect statement from the following. (a) Liver is the second largest gland in our body. (b) Sebum provides protective oily covering for skin. (c) Bile contains substance like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs are passed with digestive wastes. (d) Other than kidneys lungs, liver and skin also helps in the elimination of excretory wastes.

Which is not a part of renal tubule? (a) \(\mathrm{PCT}\) (b) Bowman's capsule (c) DCT (d) Collecting duct

Select the total number of excretory organ from the following found in various animals: Protonephridia, SA node, nephridia, Hepatic Cecae, atrium, Malpighian tubules, green glands, kidney, pons, ommatidia, parapodia (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7

Excretory organs help in (a) Excretion only (b) Maintenance of acid-base balance (c) Maintenance of ionic balance (d) All of these

Our lung removes how much of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) per hour from the body (a) \(10 \mathrm{~L}\) (b) \(20 \mathrm{~L}\) (c) \(18 \mathrm{~L}\) (d) \(2 \mathrm{~L}\)

Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney is (a) Renal failure (b) Renal calculi (c) Glomerulonephritis (d) Cystitis

Stone and insoluble mass of crystallized salts, formed within the kidney is generally made up of (a) Calcium carbonate (b) Calcium oxalate (c) Silica (d) Any of these

Which is the ultimate method for the correction of acute renal failure? (a) Haemodialysis (b) Renal transplantation (c) Blood transfusion (c) Angioplasty

Following are the steps of dialysis: A. Blood is passed into a vein. B. Blood is mixed with heparin. C. Blood is mixed with anti-heparin. D. Blood is drained from convenient artery. E. Blood is passed through a coiled and porous cellophane tube bathing in dialysis fluid. F. Removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood. The correct sequence of steps is (a) \(\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{D} \rightarrow \mathrm{E} \rightarrow \mathrm{F}\) (b) \(\mathrm{D} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{E} \rightarrow \mathrm{F} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{A}\) (c) \(\mathrm{F} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{E} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{D}\) (d) \(\mathrm{D} \rightarrow \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{E} \rightarrow \mathrm{F} \rightarrow \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{A}\)

Malfunctioning of kidney may lead to the accumulation of _______ in blood. (a) Glucose (b) Amino acid (c) Urea (d) All of these

Which of the following is true about renal transplantation? (a) Kidney transplantation is the ultimate method at the stage where drug or dialysis do not help. (b) Immunosuppressive agent are used in kidney transplant patient. (c) Close relatives are often used as kidney donors to minimise the risk of rejection. (d) All the above

Match the excretory functions of section I with the parts of the excretory system in section II. Choose the correct combinations from among the answers given. Section I (i) Ultrafiltration (ii) Concentration of urine (iii) Transport of urine (iv) Storage of urine Section II (a) Henle's loop (b) Ureter (c) Urinary bladder (d) Malpighian corpuscles (e) Proximal convoluted tubules (a) (i) -(d), (ii)-(a), (iii) -(b), (iv)-(c) (b) (i) - (d), (ii)-(c), (iii) -(b), (iv)-(a) (c) (i)-(e), (ii) - (d), (iii) -(a), (iv)-(c) (d) (i) -(e), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)

Match the following: (a) A-Proximal convoluted tubule, B-Afferent arteriole, C-Vasa recta, D-Bowman's capsule, E-Henle's loop (b) A-Henle's loop, B-Vasa recta, C-Proximal convoluted tubule, D-Bowman's capsule, E-Afferent arteriole (c) A-Bowman's capsule, B-Henle's loop, C-Proximal convoluted tubule, D-Vasa recta, E-Afferent arteriole (d) A-Vasa recta, B-Proximal convoluted tubule, C-Bowman's capsule, D-Afferent arteriole, E-Henle's loop

Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below: (a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion. (b) If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion. (c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false. (d) If both the assertion and reason are false. Assertion: Diabetes insipidus is marked by excessive urination and too much thirst for water. Reason: Anti-diuretic hormone \((\mathrm{ADH})\) is secreted by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

Assertion: Filteration is a selective process performed by the glomerulus using the glomerular capillary blood pressure. Reason: Blood is filtered through fine pores present in PCT.

Assertion: The antidiuretic hormone increases the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule. Reason: In the absence of ADH, water re-absorption is considerably reduced

Assertion: In the descending limb of loop of Henle, the urine is hypertonic, while in ascending limb of loop of Henle, the urine is Hypotonic. Reason: Descending limb is impermeable to \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\), while ascending limb is impermeable to \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\).

Assertion: Vasa recta is absent or highely reduced in cortical nephrons. Reason: \(\mathrm{PCT}\) and \(\mathrm{DCT}\) are situated in cortical region of kidney.

Assertion: Ammonia is the excretory product of aquatic amphibian. Reason: Ammonia is readily soluble in water and requires large amount of water for excretion.

Assertion: Urinary bladder and ureters are lined by transitional epithelium. Reason: Ureters carry the urine to urinary bladder where it is stored temporarily.

Assertion: Kidneys maintain the osmotic concentration of the blood. Reason: Kidneys eliminate either hypotonic or hypertonic urine according to the need of the body.

Assertion: In vertebrates, the liver is also referred as an accessory excretory organ. Reason: Liver helps kidneys in the secretion of urine.

Assertion: Sharks are said to be ammonotelic animals. Reason: Sharks can retain considerable amounts of ammonia in their blood.

Assertion: The glomerular filtrate resembles the protein free plasma in composition and osmotic pressure. Reason: The glomerular capillary wall and inner membrance of Bowman's capsule are impermeable to large molecules.

Assertion: PCT reabsorbs nearly all essential nutrients and 70 to 80 per cent of the electrolyte and water from filterate. Reason: PCT is lined with brush border epithelium.

Assertion: Counter-current mechanism is responsible for the concentration of urine. Reason: Counter-current mechanism helps to maintain the concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.

Assertion: Aldosterone leads to the increase in blood pressure. Reason: Aldosterone causes reabsorbtion of sodium ion and water from distal part of tubules.

Assertion: Some amount of urea is retain in medullary interstitium. Reason: This is use to maintain require concentration in medullary interstitium.

Assertion: Urine produced (1 to \(1.5 \mathrm{~L}\) ) per day is far less than the volume of filtrate occur per day (18L). Reason: \(99 \%\) of filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules.

Assertion: Uraemia is harmful condition. Reason: Uraemia may lead to kidney failure

Assertion: Renal tubules use to maintain ionic balance and \(\mathrm{pH}\) of body fluids. Reason: \(\mathrm{H}^{+}, \mathrm{K}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) could be secreted into filtrate by renal tubules.

Assertion: ANF decreases blood pressure. Reason: ANF causes vasodilation.