Chapter 17

Emphysema is a (a) Cardiovascular disease (b) Pulmonary disease (c) Renal disease (d) Pain in lungs

Which of the following is incorrect about occupational respiratory disorder? (a) It occur in some industries, especially those involving grinding or stone- breaking. (b) Long exposure in such industries leading to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues). (c) Workers in such industries can be protected from these disorders by wearing protective masks. (d) It is an allergic disease always.

Respiratory control centre lies in (a) Pons (b) Medulla oblongata (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Cerebellum

Two friends are eating together in a dining table. One of them suddenly starts coughing while swallowing some food. This coughing would have been due to the improper movement of (a) Tongue (b) Epiglottis (c) Diaphragm (d) Neck

Which one of the following is a possibility for most of us in regard to breathing, by making a conscious effort? (a) One can breathe out air totally without oxygen. (b) One can breathe out air through Eustachian tubes by closing both the nose and the mouth. (c) One can consciously breathe out by moving the diaphragm alone without moving the ribs at all. (d) The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully breathing out all air from them.

Cartilaginous rings in respiratory passage are present in (a) Trachea only (b) Trachea and initial bronchioles only (c) Trachea, bronchi and initial bronchioles (d) None of these

Which of the following represents a larger volume of air than that is normally found in the resting tidal volume or a human lung? (a) Residual volume (b) Inspiratory reserve volume (c) Expiratory reserve volume (d) All the above

Mark the correct statement from the following: (a) Tracheal rings are of hyaline cartilage. (b) Dorsal side of thoracic chamber is formed by sternum. (c) Expiration occurs when there is negative pressure in lungs. (d) All the above

\(6000-8000 \mathrm{ml}\) of air is the (a) Vital capacity of lungs (b) Volume of normal expiration per minute (c) Sum of IRV \(+\) ERV (d) Inspiratory capacity of lungs

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal expiration is (a) Residual volume (b) Vital capacity (c) Expiratory capacity (d) Functional residual capacity

A large proportion of oxygen is left unused in the human blood even after its uptake by the body tissues. This \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) (a) Helps in releasing more \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) to the epithelium tissues. (b) Acts as a reserve during muscular exercise. (c) Raises the \(\mathrm{pCO}_{2}\) of blood to \(75 \mathrm{~mm}\) of \(\mathrm{Hg}\). (d) Is enough to keep oxyhaemoglobin saturation at \(96 \%\).

Bulk of carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\) released from body tissues into blood is present as (a) Bicarbonate in blood plasma and RBCs (b) Free \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in blood plasma. (c) 70 per cent carbaminohaemoglobin and 30 per cent as bicarbonate. (d) Carbaminohaemoglobin in RBCs.

How \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) gets transported through blood? (a) With the help of RBCs and blood plasma (b) With the help of RBCs and WBCs (c) With the help of WBCs and blood serum (d) With the help of platelets and corpuscles

During oxygen transport the oxyhaemoglobin at the tissue level liberates oxygen to the cells because in tissue (a) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) concentration is high and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is low. (b) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) concentration is low and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is also low. (c) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) tension is high and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) tension is low. (d) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) tension is low and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) tension is high.

The blood leaving the lungs has all its haemoglobin oxygenated and gives up oxygen to the tissues because (a) The tissue can absorb \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) from oxyhaemoglobin. (b) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) concentration in tissues is lower and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) concentration is higher as compared to lungs. (c) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) concentration in tissues is higher and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) concentration is lower as compared to lungs. (d) Oxyhaemoglobin undergoes reduction.

During one circuit of blood from lungs to the tissues and back through circulatory system, the percentage of haemoglobin giving up its oxygen to tissues is (a) \(25 \%\) (b) \(50 \%\) (c) \(75 \%\) (d) \(100 \%\)

Assertion: During inspiration, pressure of air falls in the thorax. Reason: There is a rise in volume of thorax during inspiration.

Assertion: During inspiration, the volume of thorax increases. Reason: This happens due to the relaxation of diaphragm and inspiratory muscles.

Assertion: Forceful expiration occurs through expiratory muscles. Reason: Expiratory muscles expires quickly.

Assertion: Vital capacity is higher in athletes than non-athletes. Reason: Vital capacity is about 3.5-4.5 litres in a normal adult person.

Assertion: 70 per cent of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is carried as bicarbonate ion in plasma. Reason: If it is transported directly then \(\mathrm{pH}\) of blood becomes acidic.

Assertion: In mammals, complex respiratory system has developed. Reason: Mammalian skin is impermeable to gases.

Assertion: Emphysema is a chronic disorder. Reason: One of the major cause of emphysema is cigarette smoking.

Assertion: Respiratory rhythm is maintained by the respiratory centre in medulla region of brain. Reason: A chemosensitive area in the medulla can alter the respiratory mechanism.

Assertion: The maximum amount of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is converted into bicarbonate ion in RBCs. Reason: RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.

Assertion: Blood of insects is colourless. Reason: The blood of insect does not play any role in transport of oxygen.

Assertion: The amount of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher when compared to that of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\). Reason: The solubility of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is 20 to 25 times higher than that of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\).

Assertion: Trachea, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi and terminal bronchioles are non-collapsible. Reason: They all are supported by incomplete cartilaginous ring

Assertion: Human breathing is negative pressure breathing. Reason: Air drawn in lungs because of pressure less than atmospheric pressure in lungs during inspiration

Assertion: Functional residual capacity is equal to ERV+RV Reason: Expiratory capacity is equal to TV+IRV

Assertion: Oxygen dissociation curve is sigmoid. Reason: Affinity of oxygen for \(\mathrm{Hb}\) increases with addition of each molecule of oxygen one after another.

Assertion: Pneumotaxic centre can alter the respiratory rate. Reason: Neural signal from pneumotaxic centre can reduce the duration of inspiration.

Assertion: Every \(100 \mathrm{ml}\) of oxygenated blood can deliver around \(5 \mathrm{ml}\) of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) to the tissues. Reason: Every \(100 \mathrm{ml}\) of deoxygenated blood delivers approx \(4 \mathrm{ml}\) of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) to the alveoli.

Assertion: Oxygen is transported mainly as oxyhaemoglobin in human. Reason: \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is transported mainly as carbamino - haemoglobin in human.

Assertion: \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) produced by cells have to be released out of animal body. Reason: \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is harmful gas.

Assertion: Gills are highly vascularised Reason: Gills are used for respiration

Assertion: During swallowing food can't enter in larynx. Reason: During swallowing open of larynx glottis is covered by epiglottis

Assertion: Larynx is called sound box. Reason: Larynx helps in production of sound.

Assertion: Alveoli and their duct form respiratory part of respiratory tract. Reason: This part is actual site of exchange of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) between blood and atmospheric air.

Assertion: External nostril to terminal bronchioles constitutes conducting as well as respiratory part of respiratory tract. Reason: It help in conduction of atmospheric air to the alveoli as well as diffusion of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) between blood and atmospheric air.

Assertion: We can increase strength of inspiration and expiration. Reason: We can use additional muscle of thoracic and abdominal region

Assertion: About \(97 \%\) of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) is transported by RBCs Reason: RBCs has haemoglobin.