Chapter 1

Classify each of the following as element, compound, or mixture. (a) air (b) iron (c) soy sauce (d) table salt

Classify each of the following as element, compound, or mixture. (a) gold (b) milk (c) sugar (d) vinaigrette dressing with herbs

Classify the following as solution or heterogeneous mixture. (a) maple syrup (b) seawater passed through a sieve (c) melted rocky road ice cream

Classify the following as solution or heterogeneous mixture. (a) wine (b) gasoline (c) batter for chocolate chip cookies

How would you separate into its different components (a) a solution of acetone and water? (b) a mixture of aluminum powder and ethyl alcohol?

How would you separate into its different components (a) a mixture of the volatile gases propane, butane, and isopropane? (b) a solution of rubbing alcohol made up of isopropyl alcohol and water?

Write the symbol for the following elements. (a) titanium (b) phosphorus (c) potassium (d) magnesium

Write the symbol for the following elements. (a) manganese (b) lead (c) gold (d) silver

Write the name of the element represented by the following symbols. (a) \(\mathrm{Hg}\) (b) Si (c) Na (d) I

Write the name of the element represented by the following symbols. (a) \(\mathrm{Cr}\) (b) \(\mathrm{Ca}\) (c) Fe (d) \(\mathrm{Zn}\)

What instrument would you use to determine (a) the length of your bed? (b) the amount of acid delivered to a beaker? (c) whether you have a fever?

A glass of lukewarm milk is suggested for people who cannot sleep. Milk at \(52^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) can be characterized as lukewarm. What is the temperature of lukewarm milk in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) ? In \(\mathrm{K}\) ?

A recipe for apple pie calls for a preheated \(350^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) (three significant figures) oven. Express this temperature setting in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and in \(\mathrm{K}\).

Liquid helium is extensively used in research on superconductivity. Liquid helium has a boiling point of \(4.22 \mathrm{~K}\). Express this boiling point in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\).

Gallium is one of the few metals that can melt at room temperature. Its melting point is \(29.76^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). If you leave solid gallium in your car on an early summer morning when the temperature is \(75^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\), in what physical state is the gallium when you return to your car and the interior car temperature is \(85.0^{\circ} \mathrm{F} ?\)

How many significant figures are there in each of the following? (a) \(12.7040 \mathrm{~g}\) (b) \(200.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) (c) \(276.2\) tons (d) \(4.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~mL}\) (e) \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)

How many significant figures are there in each of the following? (a) \(0.136 \mathrm{~m}\) (b) \(0.0001050 \mathrm{~g}\) (c) \(2.700 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~nm}\) (d) \(6 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~L}\) (e) \(56003 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}\)

Round off the following quantities to the indicated number of significant figures. (a) \(7.4855 \mathrm{~g}\) (three significant figures) (b) \(298.693 \mathrm{~cm}\) (five significant figures) (c) \(11.698 \mathrm{lb}\) (one significant figure) (d) \(12.05 \mathrm{oz}\) (three significant figures)

Round off the following quantities to the indicated number of significant figures. (a) \(132.505 \mathrm{~g}\) (four significant figures) (b) \(298.693 \mathrm{~cm}\) (five significant figures) (c) \(13.452 \mathrm{lb}\) (two significant figures) (d) 345 oz (two significant figures)

Express the following measurements in scientific notation. (a) \(4633.2 \mathrm{mg}\) (b) \(0.000473 \mathrm{~L}\) (c) \(127,000.0 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}\)

Express the following measurements in scientific notation. (a) \(4020.6 \mathrm{~mL}\) (b) \(1.006 \mathrm{~g}\) (c) \(100.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)

Which of the following statements use exact numbers? (a) You owe me $$\$ 11.35$$ for \(5.7 \mathrm{lb}\) of tomatoes. They were $$\$ 1.99$$ a pound. (b) There are 16 oz in \(1 \mathrm{lb}\). (c) There are 7 cars in your driveway.

Which of the following statements use exact numbers? (a) The little girl weighs \(74.3\) lb. (b) The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is \(78^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (c) The square root of 144 is 12 .

A listing of a house for sale states that there are 5 bedrooms, \(4000 \mathrm{ft}^{2}\) of living area, and a living room with dimensions \(17 \times 18.5 \mathrm{ft}\). How many significant figures are there in each quantity? (Your answer may include the words ambiguous and exact.)

Calculate the following to the correct number of significant figures. Assume that all these numbers are measurements. (a) \(x=17.2+65.18-2.4\) (b) \(x=\frac{13.0217}{17.10}\) (c) \(x=(0.0061020)(2.0092)(1200.00)\) (d) \(x=0.0034+\frac{\sqrt{(0.0034)^{2}+4(1.000)\left(6.3 \times 10^{-4}\right)}}{(2)(1.000)}\)

Calculate the following to the correct number of significant figures. (a) \(x=128.5+2116.44-2244.47\) (b) \(x=0.004010 \times 2.0000 \times 50054\) (c) \(x=\frac{12.6+0.3+256.5}{1003.7}\) (d) \(x=\frac{12.20-\sqrt{1.60+4(0.36)}}{1.3409}\)

The volume of a sphere is \(4 \pi r^{3} / 3\), where \(r\) is the radius. One student measured the radius to be \(4.30 \mathrm{~cm} .\) Another measured the radius to be \(4.33 \mathrm{~cm}\). What is the difference in volume between the two measurements?

A cylinder has a circular cross section with a radius of \(2.500 \mathrm{~cm}\). What is the volume of water in the cylinder with a measured height of \(1.20 \mathrm{~cm}\) ? (The volume of a cylinder is \(\pi r^{2} h\), where \(r\) is the radius and \(h\) is the height.)

Write the appropriate symbol in the blank \((>,<\), or \(=)\). (a) \(37.12 \mathrm{~g}\)_______\(-0.3712 \mathrm{~kg}\) (b) \(28 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\)_______\(28 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~cm}^{3}\) (c) \(525 \mathrm{~mm}\)_______\(525 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~nm}\)

Convert \(22.3 \mathrm{~mL}\) to (a) liters (b) in \(^{3}\) (c) quarts

Convert \(6743 \mathrm{~nm}\) to (a) \(\AA\) (b) inches (c) miles

The height of a horse is usually measured in hands. One hand is exactly \(1 / 3 \mathrm{ft}\) (a) How tall (in feet) is a horse of \(19.2\) hands? (b) How tall (in meters) is a horse of \(17.8\) hands? (c) A horse of \(20.5\) hands is to be transported in a trailer. The roof of the trailer needs to provide \(3.0 \mathrm{ft}\) of vertical clearance. What is the minimum height of the trailer in feet?

The unit of land measure in the English system is the acre, while that in the metric system is the hectare. An acre is \(4.356 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{ft}^{2} .\) A hectare is ten thousand square meters. The town of Willington in Connecticut requires a minimum area of \(2.0\) acres of land for a single-family dwelling. How many hectares are required?

A lap in most tracks that use the English system is \(0.25 \mathrm{mi}\) (English lap). In countries that use the metric system, a metric lap is \(0.50 \mathrm{~km}\). A champion marathon runner covers a mile in about \(5.0 \mathrm{~min}\). How many minutes will the runner take to run an English lap at that speed? A metric lap?

An average adult has \(6.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of blood. The Red Cross usually takes 1 pint of blood from each donor at a donation. What percentage (by volume) of a person's blood does a blood donor give in one donation?

Cholesterol in blood is measured in milligrams of cholesterol per deciliter of blood. If the unit of measurement were changed to grams of cholesterol per milliliter of blood, what would a cholesterol reading of \(185 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}\) translate to?

Some states have reduced the legal limit for alcohol sobriety from \(0.10 \%\) to \(0.080 \%\) alcohol by volume in blood plasma. (a) How many milliliters of alcohol are in \(3.0\) qt of blood plasma at the lower legal limit? (b) How many milliliters of alcohol are in \(3.0\) qt of blood plasma at the higher legal limit? (c) How much less alcohol is in \(3.0\) qt of blood plasma with the reduced sobriety level?

In Europe, nutritional information is given in kilojoules (kJ) instead of nutritional calories ( 1 nutritional calorie \(=1\) kcal \() .\) A packet of soup has the following nutritional information: $$ 250 \mathrm{~mL} \text { of soup }=235 \mathrm{~kJ} $$ How would that same packet be labeled in the United States if the information has to be given in nutritional calories per cup? (There are \(4.18\) joules in one calorie and 2 cups to a pint.)

In the old pharmaceutical system of measurements, masses were expressed in grains. There are \(5.760 \times 10^{3}\) grains in \(1 \mathrm{lb}\). An old bottle of aspirin lists 5 grains of active ingredient per tablet. How many milligrams of active ingredient are there in the same tablet?

The cup is a measure of volume widely used in cookbooks. One cup is equivalent to \(225 \mathrm{~mL}\). What is the density of clover honey (in grams per milliliter) if three quarters of a cup has a mass of 252 g?

The volume occupied by egg whites from four "large" eggs is \(112 \mathrm{~mL}\). The mass of the egg whites from these four eggs is \(1.20 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~g}\). What is the average density of the egg white from one "large" egg?

A metal slug weighing \(25.17 \mathrm{~g}\) is added to a flask with a volume of \(59.7 \mathrm{~mL}\). It is found that \(43.7 \mathrm{~g}\) of methanol \((d=0.791 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL})\) must be added to the metal to fill the flask. What is the density of the metal?

A solid with an irregular shape and a mass of \(11.33 \mathrm{~g}\) is added to a graduated cylinder filled with water \((d=1.00 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL})\) to the \(35.0-\mathrm{mL}\) mark, After the solid sinks to the bottom, the water level is read to be at the 42.3-mL mark. What is the density of the solid?

A waterbed filled with water has the dimensions \(8.0 \mathrm{ft} \times 7.0 \mathrm{ft} \times\) \(0.75 \mathrm{ft}\). Taking the density of water to be \(1.00 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\), how many kilograms of water are required to fill the waterbed?

Vinegar contains \(5.00 \%\) acetic acid by mass and has a density of \(1.01 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). What mass (in grams) of acetic acid is present in \(5.00 \mathrm{~L}\) of vinegar?

The solubility of barium hydroxide in water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(1.85 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water. A solution is made up of \(256 \mathrm{mg}\) in \(35.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of water. Is the solution saturated? If not, how much more barium hydroxide needs to be added to make a saturated solution?

Potassium sulfate has a solubility of \(15 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water at \(40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). A solution is prepared by adding \(39.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of potassium sulfate to \(225 \mathrm{~g}\) of water, carefully heating the solution, and cooling it to \(40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). A homogeneous solution is obtained. Is this solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? The beaker is shaken, and precipitation occurs. How many grams of potassium sulfate would you expect to crystallize out?

Potassium chloride is widely used in the manufacture of fertilizers. Its solubility is \(37.0 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water at \(30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). At \(70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) its solubility is \(48.3 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water. (a) Calculate the mass of potassium chloride that dissolves in \(44.5 \mathrm{~g}\) of water at \(30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (b) Calculate the mass of water required to dissolve \(39.6 \mathrm{~g}\) of potassium chloride at \(70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (c) If \(40.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of potassium chloride are added to \(75.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of water at \(30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), will it all dissolve? If the temperature is increased to \(70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), will it all dissolve? How many grams (if any) are undissolved at \(30^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\) at \(70^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\)

Ammonium bromide can be used as a wood preservative. Its solubility in water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(75.5 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water. At \(50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) its solubility is \(99.2 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water. Calculate (a) the mass of ammonium bromide that dissolves in \(82.5 \mathrm{~g}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .\) (b) the mass of water required to dissolve \(43.7 \mathrm{~g}\) of ammonium bromide at \(50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (c) the mass of ammonium bromide that would not remain in solu- tion if a solution made up of \(29.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of ammonium bromide in \(35.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of water at \(50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is cooled to \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).

The solubility of lead nitrate at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(140.0 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water. A solution at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) consists of \(57.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of lead nitrate in \(64.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of water. When the solution is cooled to \(10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 25.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of lead nitrate crystallize out. What is the solubility of lead nitrate in \(g / 100 \mathrm{~g}\) water at \(10^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\)