Essential Ideas

Visit this PhET density simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16phetmasvolden) and select Custom Blocks and then My Block.(a) Enter mass and volume values for the block such that the mass in kg is less than the volume in L. What does the block do? Why? Is this always the case when mass < volume?(b) Enter mass and volume values for the block such that the mass in kg is more than the volume in L. What does the block do? Why? Is this always the case when mass > volume? (c) How would (a) and (b) be different if the liquid in the tank were ethanol instead of water? (d) How would (a) and (b) be different if the liquid in the tank were mercury instead ofwater?

Visit this PhET density simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16phetmasvolden) and select Mystery Blocks. (a) Pick one of the Mystery Blocks and determine its mass, volume, density, and its likely identity. (b) Pick a different Mystery Block and determine its mass, volume, density, and its likely identity. (c) Order the Mystery Blocks from least dense to most dense. Explain.

Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation with correct significant figures:

(a) 711.0

(b) 0.239 

(c) 90743

(d) 134.2

(e) 0.05499

(f) 10000.0

(g) 0.000000738592

Express each of the following numbers in exponential notation with correct significant figures: (a) 704 

(b) 0.03344 

(c) 547.9 

(d) 22086 

(e) 1000.00 

(f) 0.0000000651

(g) 0.007157

Indicate whether each of the following can be determined exactly or must be measured with some degree of uncertainty:(a) the number of seconds in an hour (b) the number of pages in this book (c) the number of grams in your weight(d) the number of grams in 3 kilograms(e) the volume of water you drink in one day(f) the distance from San Francisco to Kansas City

How many significant figures are contained in each of the following measurements?

(a) 38.7 g 

(b) 2 × 10¹⁸ m

(c) 3,486,002 kg

(d) 9.74150 × 10⁻⁴ J

(e) 0.0613 cm³

(f) 17.0 kg

(g) 0.01400 g/mL

Question: The pH of normal urine is 6.30, and the total phosphate concentration \(\left( {\left( {PO_4^{3 - }} \right) + \left( {HPO_4^{2 - }} \right) + \left( {{H_2}PO_4^ - } \right)} \right.\)\(\left. { + \left( {{H_3}P{O_4}} \right)} \right)\)is 0.020 M. What is the minimum concentration of \(C{a^{2 + }}\) necessary to induce kidney stone formation? (See Exercise 15.49 for additional information.)

Toothpastes containing sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) and hydrogen peroxide are widely used. Write Lewis structures for the hydrogen carbonate ion and hydrogen peroxide molecule, with resonance forms where appropriate.

Question : Name the following compounds

1. CsCl
2. BaO
3. K₂S
4. BeCl₂
5. HBr

       f.  AlF₃

Question: A reaction is represented by this equation: \({K_c} = 5 \times 1{0^{ - 4}}\) 

(a) Write the mathematical expression for the equilibrium constant.

A 12.0-g sample of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 80.0 g of water. The solution freezes at −1.94 °C. Calculate the molar mass of the substance. The Vapour Pressure of the Solution is 23.35 Tor.

Question: Using complete subshell notation (1s²2s²2p⁶, and so forth), predict the electron configurations of the following

ions.

(a) N^3–

(b) Ca²⁺

(c) S^–

(d) Cs²⁺

(e) Cr²⁺

(f) Gd³⁺

How can a radioactive nuclide be used to show that the equilibrium: 

\({\text{AgCl(s)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^{\text{ + }}}{\text{(aq) + C}}{{\text{l}}^{\text{ - }}}{\text{(aq)}}\) is a dynamic equilibrium?

Classify the following sets of measurements as accurate, precise, both, or neither. 

(a) Checking for consistency in the weight of chocolate chip cookies: 17.27 g, 13.05 g, 19.46 g, 16.92 g 

(b) Testing the volume of a batch of 25-mL pipettes: 27.02 mL, 26.99 mL, 26.97 mL, 27.01 mL

 (c) Determining the purity of gold: 99.9999%, 99.9998%, 99.9998%, 99.9999%

Question: Which of the following has two unpaired electrons?

(a) Mg

(b) Si

(c) S

(d) Both Mg and S

(e) Both Si and S.

The label on a soft drink bottle gives the volume in two units: 2.0 L and 67.6 fl oz. Use this information to derive a conversion factor between the English and metric units. How many significant figures can you justify in your conversion factor?

The label on a box of cereal gives the mass of cereal in two units: 978 grams and 34.5 oz. Use this information to find a conversion factor between the English and metric units. How many significant figures can you justify in your conversion factor?

Soccer is played with a round ball having a circumference between 27 and 28 in. and a weight between 14 and 16 oz. What are these specifications in units of centimeters and grams?

A woman's basketball has a circumference between 28.5 and 29.0 inches and a maximum weight of 20 ounces(two significant figures). What are these specifications in units of centimeters and grams?

Question: Sulfuric acid is the industrial chemical produced in greatest quantity worldwide. About \({\rm{90}}\) billion pounds are produced each year in the United States alone. Write the Lewis structure for sulfuric acid, \({{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{4}}}\), which has two oxygen atoms and two \({\rm{OH}}\) groups bonded to the sulphur.

How manymilliliters of a soft drink are contained in a 12.0-oz can?

The distance between the centers of the two oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule is 1.21 × 10⁻⁸ cm. What is this distance in inches?

Is a 197-lb weight lifter light enough to compete in a class limited to those weighing 90 kg or less?

Meat can be classified as fresh (not frozen) even though it is stored at −1 °C. Why wouldn’t meat freeze at this temperature?

A very good 197-lb weight lifter lifted 192 kg in a move called the clean and jerk. What was the mass of theweight lifted in pounds?

A very good 197-lb weight lifter lifted 192 kg in a move called the clean and jerk. What was the mass of theweight lifted in pounds?

Many medical laboratory tests are run using 5.0 μL blood serum. What is this volume in milliliters?

If an aspirin tablet contains 325 mg aspirin, how many grams of aspirin does it contain?

Use scientific (exponential) notation to express the following quantities in terms of the SI base units in Table1.3:

(a) 0.13 g

(b) 232 Gg

(c) 5.23 pm

(d) 86.3 mg

(e) 37.6 cm

(f) 54 μm

(g) 1 Ts

(h) 27 ps

(i) 0.15 mK

Sodium sulfate 10−hydrate, \(N{a_2}S{O_4}.10{H_2}O\), dehydrates according to the equation

 \(C(s) + {H_2}O(g) \rightleftharpoons CO(g) + {H_2}(g)\)

\({K_P} = 4.08 \times 1{0^{ - 25}}at2{5^o}C\)

What is the pressure of water vapor at equilibrium with a mixture of \(N{a_2}S{O_4}.10{H_2}O\)and \(NaS{O_4}\)? 

Complete the following conversions between SI units.

(a) 612 g = ________ mg

(b) 8.160 m = ________ cm

(c) 3779 μg = ________ g

(d) 781 mL = ________ L

(e) 4.18 kg = ________ g

(f) 27.8 m = ________ km

(g) 0.13 mL = ________ L

(h) 1738 km = ________ m

(i) 1.9 Gg = ________ g

Gasoline is sold by the liter in many countries. How many liters are required to fill a 12.0-gal gas tank?

Milk is sold by the liter in many countries. What is the volume of exactly 1/2 gal of milk in liters?

A long ton is defined as exactly 2240 lb. What is this mass in kilograms?

Question:  Make the conversion indicated in each of the following:

(a) the men’s world record long jump, 29 ft 4¼ in., to meters

(b) the greatest depth of the ocean, about 6.5 mi, to kilometers

(c) the area of the state of Oregon, 96,981 mi², to square kilometers

(d) the volume of 1 gill (exactly 4 oz) to milliliters

(e) the estimated volume of the oceans, 330,000,000 mi³, to cubic kilometers.

(f) the mass of a 3525-lb car to kilograms

(g) the mass of a 2.3-oz egg to grams

Question:  Make the conversion indicated in each of the following:

(a) the length of a soccer field, 120 m (three significant figures), to feet

(b) the height of Mt. Kilimanjaro, at 19,565 ft the highest mountain in Africa, to kilometers

(c) the area of an 8.5 × 11-inch sheet of paper in cm2

(d) the displacement volume of an automobile engine, 161 in.3, to liters

(e) the estimated mass of the atmosphere, 5.6 × 1015 tons, to kilograms

(f) the mass of a bushel of rye, 32.0 lb, to kilograms

(g) the mass of a 5.00-grain aspirin tablet to milligrams (1 grain = 0.00229 oz)

Question:  Many chemistry conferences have held a 50-Trillion Angstrom Run (two significant figures). How long is thisrun in kilometers and in miles? (1 Å = 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m)

Question:  A chemist’s 50-Trillion Angstrom Run (see Exercise 1.78) would be an archeologist’s 10,900 cubit run. Howlong is one cubit in meters and in feet? (1 Å = 1 × 10^-8 cm)

Question:The gas tank of a certain luxury automobile holds 22.3 gallons according to the owner’s manual. If the densityof gasoline is 0.8206 g/mL, determine the mass in kilograms and pounds of the fuel in a full tank.

Question:  As an instructor is preparing for an experiment, he requires 225 g phosphoric acid. The only container readilyavailable is a 150-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Is it large enough to contain the acid, whose density is 1.83 g/mL?

Question: To prepare for a laboratory period, a student lab assistant needs 125g of a compound. A bottle containing ¼ 1b is available. Did the student have enough of the compound?

Of the five elements Al, Cl, I, Na, Rb, which has the most exothermic reaction? (E represents an atom.) What name is given to the energy for the reaction? Hint: note the process depicted does not correspond to electron affinity

\({{\bf{E}}^ + }(g){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{{\bf{e}}^ - } \to {\bf{E}}(g)\)

Question: A chemistry student is 159cm tall and weighs 45.8 kg. What is her height in inches and weight in pounds?

Of the five elements Sn, Si, Sb, O, Te, which has the most endothermic reaction? (E represents an atom.) What

name is given to the energy for the reaction?

\({\bf{E}}(g) \to {{\bf{E}}^ + }(g){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{{\bf{e}}^ - }\) 

Question: In a recent Grand Prix, the winner completed the race with an average speed of 229.8 km/h. What was his speed in miles per hour, meters per second, and feet per second?

Question: Solve these problems about lumber dimensions.

a) TO describe to a European how houses are constructed in the US, the dimensions of “Two-by-four” lumber must be converted into metric units. The thickness × width × length dimensions are 1.50 in. × 3.50 in. × 8.00 ft in the US. What are the dimensions in cm × cm × m?

b) This lumber can be used as vertical studs, which are typically placed 16.0 in. Apart. What is that distance in centimetres?

Question: The mercury content of a stream was believed to be above the minimum considered safe – 1 part per billion (ppb) by weight. An analysis indicated that the concentration was 0.68 parts per billion. What quantity of mercury in grams was present in 15.0 L of the water, the density of which is 0.998 g/ml? \(\left( {1ppbHg = \frac{{1ngHg}}{{1gwater}}} \right)\)

Question: Calculate the density of aluminum if 27.6 cm³ has a mass of 74.6 g.

Question: Osmium is one of the densest elements known. What is its density if 2.72g has a volume of 0.121 cm³?

Question: The equilibrium constant (K_c) for this reaction is 1.60 at 990 °C:

Calculate the number of moles of each component in the final equilibrium mixture obtained from adding 1.00 mol of H₂, 2.00 mol of CO₂, 0.750 mol of H₂O, and 1.00 mol of CO to a 5.00-L container at 990 °C.