Chapter 14

Use the properties of seawater to describe the characteristics of mixtures.

Distinguish between suspensions and colloids.

Explain Use the Tyndall effect to explain why it is more difficult to drive through fog using high beams than using low beams.

Describe different types of colloids.

Summarize What causes Brownian motion?

Compare and Contrast Make a table that compares the properties of suspensions, colloids, and solutions.

What is the percent by mass of \(\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}\) in a solution containing 20.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}\) dissolved in 600.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) ?

You have 1500.0 g of a bleach solution. The percent by mass of the solute sodium hypochlorite \((\mathrm{NaOCl})\) is 3.62\(\%\) . How many grams of \(\mathrm{NaOCl}\) are in the solution?

Name the following compounds. (Chapter 7) $$\begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } \mathrm{NaBr}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}} \\ {\text { c. }\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}}\end{array}$$

What is the percent by volume of ethanol in a solution that contains 35 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of ethanol dissolved in 155 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of water?

What is the percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol in a solution that contains 24 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of isopropyl alcohol in 1.1 \(\mathrm{L}\) of water?

Challenge If 18 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of methanol is used to make an aqueous solution that is 15\(\%\) methanol by volume, how many milliliters of solution is produced?

What is the molarity of an aqueous solution containing 40.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of glucose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) in \(1,5 \mathrm{L}\) of solution?

Calculate the molarity of 1.60 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a solution containing 1.55 \(\mathrm{g}\) of dissolved \(\mathrm{KBr}\) .

What is the molarity of a bleach solution containing 9.5 \(\mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{NaOCl}\) per liter of bleach?

Challenge How much calcium hydroxide \(\left(\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\right),\) in grams, is needed to produce 1.5 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 0.25 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution?

How many grams of CaCl_ would be dissolved in 1.0 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 0.10 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution of \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2} ?\)

How much \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) are in 250 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a 3.0 \(\mathrm{MNaOH}\) solution?

Challenge What volume of ethanol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) is in 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 0.15 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution? The density of ethanol is 0.7893 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .\)

What volume of a 3.00\(M \mathrm{Kl}\) stock solution would you use to make 0.300 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 1.25 \(\mathrm{M} \mathrm{Kl}\) solution?

How many milliliters of a 5.0\(M \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) stock solution would you need to prepare 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 0.25\(M \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} ?\)

Challenge If 0.5 \(\mathrm{L}\) of 5 \(\mathrm{M}\) stock solution of HCl is diluted to make 2 \(\mathrm{L}\) of solution, how much \(\mathrm{HCl},\) in grams, was in the solution?

What is the molality of a solution containing 10.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) dissolved in \(1000,0\) g of water?

What is the mole fraction of \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) in an aqueous solution that contains 22.8\(\% \mathrm{NaOH}\) by mass?

Explain the similarities and differences between a 1\(M\) solution of \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) and a 1 \(\mathrm{m}\) solution of \(\mathrm{NaOH} .\)

Calculate A can of chicken broth contains 450 \(\mathrm{mg}\) of sodium chloride in 240.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of broth. What is the percent by mass of sodium chloride in the broth?

Solve How much ammonium chloride \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}\right),\) in grams, is needed to produce 2.5 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 0.5 \(\mathrm{M}\) aqueous solution?

If 0.55 g of a gas dissolves in 1.0 \(\mathrm{L}\) of water at 20.0 \(\mathrm{kPa}\) of pressure, how much will dissolve at 110.0 \(\mathrm{kPa}\) of pressure?

A gas has a solubility of 0.66 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}\) at 10.0 atm of pressure. What is the pressure on a \(1.0-\mathrm{L}\) sample that contains 1.5 \(\mathrm{g}\) of gas?

Challenge The solubility of a gas at 7 atm of pressure is 0.52 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L} .\) How many grams of the gas would be dissolved per 1 \(\mathrm{L}\) if the pressure was raised to 10 \(\mathrm{atm} ?\)

Describe factors that affect the formation of solutions.

Define solubility.

Describe how intermolecular forces affect solvation.

Sumarize If a seed crystal was added to a supersaturated solution, how would you characterize the resulting solution?

Challenge \(A 0.045 m\) solution (consisting of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute) is experimentally found to have a freezing pointdepression of \(0.08^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . What is the freezing point depression constant\(\left(K_{\mathrm{f}}\right) .\) Which is most likely to be the solvent: water, ethanol, or chloroform?

Explain the nature of colligative properties.

Describe four colligative properties of solutions.

Explain what is meant by the statement "not all mixtures are solutions."

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

What is a suspension, and how does it differ from a colloid?

How can the Tyndall effect be used to distinguish between a colloid and a solution? Why?

Name a colloid formed from a gas dispersed in a liquid.

What causes the Brownian motion observed in liquid colloids?

Aerosol sprays are categorized as colloids. Identify the phases of an aerosol spray.

What is the difference between percent by mass and percent by volume?

What is the difference between molarity and molality?

How do 0.5\(M\) and 2.0\(M\) aqueous solutions of NaCl differ?

Under what conditions might a chemist describe a solution in terms of molality? Why?

According to lab procedure, you stir 25.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of MgCl \(_{2}\) into 550 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of water. What is the percent by mass of \(\mathrm{MgCl}_{2}\) in the solution?

How many grams of LiCl are in 275 g of a 15\(\%\) aqueous solution of LiCl?