Mechanics

A $\mathbf{4}\mathbf{.0}\mathbf{\text{\hspace{0.17em}kg}}$block of ice is placed against a horizontal spring that has force constant$\mathit{k}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{200}\mathbf{\text{\hspace{0.17em}N/m}}$ and is compressed$\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.025}\mathbf{\text{\hspace{0.17em}m}}$ . The spring is released and accelerates the block along a horizontal surface. Ignore friction and the mass of the spring. 

(a) Calculate the work done on the block by the spring during the motion of the block from its initial position to where the spring has returned to its uncompressed length. 

(b) What is the speed of the block after it leaves the spring?

A force $\overrightarrow{F}$ is applied to a $2.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}kg}$, radio-controlled model car parallel to the x-axis as it moves along a straight track. The x-component of the force varies with the x-coordinate of the car (Fig. E6.43). Calculate the work done by the force $\overrightarrow{F}$ when the car moves from

(a)  $x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}to\hspace{0.17em}}x=3.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m}$

(b)  $x=3\text{\hspace{0.17em}m\hspace{0.17em}to\hspace{0.17em}}x=4.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m}$

(c)  $x=4.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m\hspace{0.17em}to\hspace{0.17em}}x=7.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m}$

(d)  $x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m\hspace{0.17em}to\hspace{0.17em}}x=7.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m}$

(e) $x=7.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m\hspace{0.17em}to\hspace{0.17em}}x=2.0\text{\hspace{0.17em}m}$

Suppose the $\mathbf{2}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{kg}}$ model car in Exercise 6.43 is initially at rest at $\mathit{x}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$is the net force acting on it. Use the work-energy theorem to find the speed of the car at (a) $\mathit{x}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{3}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{m}}$; (b) $\mathit{x}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{4}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{m}}$; (c) $\mathit{x}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{7}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{m}}$.

At a waterpark, sleds with riders are sent along a slippery, horizontal surface by the release of a large compressed spring. The spring, with force constant $\mathit{k}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{40}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{N/cm}}$ and negligible mass, rests on the frictionless horizontal surface. One end is in contact with a stationary wall. A sled and rider with total mass $\mathbf{70}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{kg}}$  are pushed against the other end, compressing the spring $\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{375}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{m}}$ . The sled is then released with zero initial velocity. What is the sled’s speed when the spring (a) returns to its uncompressed length and (b) is still compressed $\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{200}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{\text{m}}$?

(a) Suppose you cut a massless ideal spring in half. If the full spring had a force constant $\mathit{k}$, what is the force constant of each half, in terms of $\mathit{k}$? (Hint: Think of the original spring as two equal halves, each producing the same force as the entire spring. Do you see why the forces must be equal?) (b) If you cut the spring into three equal segments instead, what is the force constant of each one, in terms of $\mathit{k}$?

A tandem (two-person) bicycle team must overcome a force of 165 N to maintain a speed of 9.0m/s. Find the power required per rider, assuming that each contributes equally. Express your answer in watts and in horsepower

When its 75-kW (100-hp) engine is generating full power, a small single-engine airplane with mass 700 kg gains altitude at a rate of 2.5 m/s(150 m/min or 500ft/min) . What fraction of the engine power is being used to make the airplane climb? (The remainder is used to overcome the effects of air resistance and of inefficiencies in the propeller and engine.)

Your job is to lift 30-kg crates a vertical distance of 0.90 m from the ground onto the bed of a truck. How many crates would you have to load onto the truck in 1 minute (a) for the average power output you use to lift the crates to equal 0.50 hp; (b) for an average power output of 100 W?

An elevator has mass 600 kg, not including passengers. The elevator is designed to ascend, at constant speed, a vertical distance of 20 m (five floors) in 16.0 s, and it is driven by a motor that can provide up to 40 hp to the elevator. What is the maximum number of passengers that can ride in the elevator? Assume that an average passenger has mass 65 kg.

A ski tow operates on a $\mathbf{15}\mathbf{.}{\mathbf{0}}^{\mathbf{°}}$ slope of length$\mathbf{300}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{m}$. The rope moves at $\mathbf{12}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{km}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{h}$ and provides power for $\mathbf{50}$ riders at one time, with an average mass per rider of $\mathbf{70}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{kg}$. Estimate the power required to operate the tow.

You are applying a constant horizontal force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{-}\mathbf{8}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathit{i}\mathit{̂}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{3}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{j}\mathbf{ }$  to a crate that is sliding on a factory floor. At the instant that the velocity of the crate is $\stackrel{\mathbf{r}}{\mathbf{v}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{3}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{20}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{i}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{2}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{20}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{j}\mathbf{ }$, what is the instantaneous power supplied by this force?

 While hovering, a typical flying insect applies an average force equal to twice its weight during each downward stroke. Take the mass of the insect to be 10 g, and assume the wings move an average downward distance of 1.0 cm during each stroke. Assuming 100 downward strokes per second, estimate the average power output of the insect.

 A balky cow is leaving the barn as you try harder and harder to push her back in. In coordinates with the origin at the barn door, the cow walks from x=0 to x=6.9 m as you apply a force with x-component ${\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{x}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{-}\mathbf{[}\mathbf{20}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{3}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{\left)}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{\right]}$. How much work does the force you apply do on the cow during this displacement?

A luggage handler pulls a 20.0-kg suitcase up a ramp inclined at 32.0° above the horizontal by a force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ of magnitude 160 N that acts parallel to the ramp. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ramp and the incline is ${\mathbf{\mu }}_{\mathbf{k}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{300}$. If the suitcase travels 3.80 m along the ramp, calculate (a) the work done on the suitcase by $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ ; (b) the work done on the suitcase by the gravitational force; (c) the work done on the suitcase by the normal force; (d) the work done on the suitcase by the friction force; (e) the total work done on the suitcase. (f) If the speed of the suitcase is zero at the bottom of the ramp, what is its speed after it has traveled 3.80 m along the ramp?

While doing a chin-up, a man lifts his body 0.40 m. (a) How much work must the man do per kilogram of body mass? (b) The muscles involved in doing a chin-up can generate about 70 J of work per kilogram of muscle mass. If the man can just barely do a 0.40-m chin-up, what percentage of his body’s mass do these muscles constitute? (For comparison, the total percentage of muscle in a typical 70-kg man with 14% body fat is about 43%.) (c) Repeat part (b) for the man’s young son, who has arms half as long as his father’s but whose muscles can also generate 70 J of work per kilogram of muscle mass. (d) Adults and children have about the same percentage of muscle in their bodies. Explain why children can commonly do chin-ups more easily than their fathers. 

Consider the blocks in Exercise 6.7 as they move 75 cm. Find the total work done on each one (a) if there is no friction between the table and the 20.0 N block, and (b) if ${\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathbf{s}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{500}$and ${\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathbf{k}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{325}$between the table and the 20.0-N block.

A 5.00-kg package slides 2.80 m down a long ramp that is inclined at 24.0° below the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the package and the ramp is ${\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathbf{k}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{310}$ . Calculate (a) the work done on the package by friction; (b) the work done on the package by gravity; (c) the work done on the package by the normal force; (d) the total work done on the package. (e) If the package has a speed of 2.20 m/s at the top of the ramp, what is its speed after it has slid 2.80 m down the ramp?

When a car is hit from behind, its passengers undergo sudden forward acceleration, which can cause a severe neck injury known as whiplash. During normal acceleration, the neck muscles play a large role in accelerating the head so that the bones are not injured. But during a very sudden acceleration, the muscles do not react immediately because they are flexible; most of the accelerating force is provided by the neck bones. Experiments have shown that these bones will fracture if they absorb more than 8.0 J of energy. (a) If a car waiting at a stoplight is rear-ended in a collision that lasts for 10.0 m/ s, what is the greatest speed this car and its driver can reach without breaking neck bones if the driver’s head has a mass of 5.0 kg (which is about right for a 70-kg person)? Express your answer in m/s and in mi/h. (b) What is the acceleration of the passengers during the collision in part (a), and how large a force is acting to accelerate their heads? Express the acceleration in $\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ and in g’s.

A net force along the x-axis that has x-component ${\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{x}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{[}\mathbf{-}\mathbf{20}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{300}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{\left)}{\mathbf{x}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{\right]}$is applied to an 5.0 kg object that is initially at the origin and moving in the -x-direction with a speed of 6.0m/s. What is the speed of the object when it reaches the point x=5.00 m.

A box is sliding with a speed of 4.50 m/s on a horizontal surface when, at point P, it encounters a rough section. The coefficient of friction there is not constant; it starts at 0.100 at P and increases linearly with distance past P, reaching a value of 0.600 at 12.5 m past point  . (a) Use the work-energy theorem to find how far this box slides before stopping. (b) What is the coefficient of friction at the stopping point? (c) How far would the box have slid if the friction coefficient didn’t increase but instead had the constant value of 0.100?

Consider a spring that does not obey Hooke’s law very faithfully. One end of the spring is fixed. To keep the spring stretched or compressed an amount x, a force along the x-axis with x-component ${\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{x}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{kx}\mathbf{-}{\mathbf{bx}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{+}{\mathbf{cx}}^{\mathbf{3}}$ must be applied to the free end. Here $\mathbf{k}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{100}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{b}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{700}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathbf{2}}$and $\mathbf{c}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{12}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{000}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathbf{3}}$. Note that x>0 when the spring is stretched and x<0 when it is compressed. How much work must be done (a) to stretch this spring by 0.050 m from its unstretched length? (b) To compress this spring by 0.050 m from its unstretched length? (c) Is it easier to stretch or compress this spring? Explain why in terms of the dependence of ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathbf{x}}$ on x. (Many real springs behave qualitatively in the same way.)

A small block with a mass of 0.0600 kg is attached to a cord passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal surface (Fig. P6.71). The block is originally revolving at a distance of 0.40 m from the hole with a speed of 0.70 m/s . The cord is then pulled from below, shortening the radius of the circle in which the block revolves to 10 m . At this new distance, the speed of the block is 2.80 m/s. (a) What is the tension in the cord in the original situation, when the block has speed $\mathbf{v}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{70}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{s}$? (b) What is the tension in the cord in the final situation, when the block has speed $\mathbf{v}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{2}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{80}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{s}$?

A proton with mass  $\mathbf{1}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{67}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{-}\mathbf{27}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{kg}$ is propelled at an initial speed of $\mathbf{3}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{00}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{5}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{s}$ directly toward a uranium nucleus 5.00 away. The proton is repelled by the uranium nucleus with a force of magnitude $\mathbf{F}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\alpha }\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{x}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ , where x is the separation between the two objects and $\mathbf{\alpha }\mathbf{=}\mathbf{2}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{12}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{-}\mathbf{26}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{N}\mathbf{·}{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ . Assume that the uranium nucleus remains at rest. (a) What is the speed of the proton when it is $\mathbf{8}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{00}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{-}\mathbf{10}}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{m}$ from the uranium nucleus? (b) As the proton approaches the uranium nucleus, the repulsive force slows down the proton until it comes momentarily to rest, after which the proton moves away from the uranium nucleus. How close to the uranium nucleus does the proton get? (c) What is the speed of the proton when it is again  5.00 m away from the uranium nucleus?

You are asked to design spring bumpers for the walls of a parking garage. A freely rolling 1200 kg car moving at 0.65 m/s is to compress the spring no more than 0.090 m before stopping. What should be the force constant of the spring? Assume that the spring has negligible mass. 

You and your bicycle have combined mass 80.0 kg. When you reach the base of a bridge, you are traveling along the road at 5.00 m/s  (Fig. P6.74). At the top of the bridge, you have climbed a vertical distance of 5.20 m and slowed to 1.50 m/s. Ignore work done by friction and any inefficiency in the bike or your legs. (a) What is the total work done on you and your bicycle when you go from the base to the top of the bridge?(b) How much work have you done with the force you apply to the pedals?

A 2.50 kg textbook is forced against a horizontal spring of negligible mass and force constant 250 N/m, compressing the spring a distance of 0.250 m. When released, the textbook slides on a horizontal table top with coefficient of kinetic friction ${\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathbf{k}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{30}$. Use the work–energy theorem to find how far the textbook moves from its initial position before it comes to rest. 

The spring of a spring gun has force constant k = 400 N/m and negligible mass. The spring is compressed 6.00 cm , and a ball with mass 0.0300 kg is placed in the horizontal barrel against the compressed spring. The spring is then released, and the ball is propelled out the barrel of the gun. The barrel is 6.00 cm long, so the ball leaves the barrel at the same point that it loses contact with the spring. The gun is held so that the barrel is horizontal. (a)Calculate the speed with which the ball leaves the barrel if you canignore friction. (b) Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the barrel if a constant resisting force of 6.00 N acts on the ball as it moves along the barrel. (c) For the situation in part (b), at what position along the barrel does the ball have the greatest speed, and what is that speed? (In this case, the maximum speed does not occur at the end of the barrel. 

One end of a horizontal spring with force constant 130N/m  is attached to a vertical wall. A 4kg block sitting on the floor is placed against the spring. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor is ${\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathbf{k}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{40}$. You apply a constant force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$  to the block. $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$  has magnitude  $\mathbf{F}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{82}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{N}$ and is directed toward the wall. At the instant that the spring is compressed 80.0 cm, what are (a) the speed of the block, and (b) the magnitude and direction of the block’s acceleration?

One end of a horizontal spring with force constant $\mathbf{76}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{0} \mathbf{N}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{m}$  is attached to a vertical post. A $\mathbf{2}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{00}\mathbf{-}\mathbf{kg}$  block of frictionless ice is attached to the other end and rests on the floor. The spring is initially neither stretched nor compressed. A constant horizontal force of  $\mathbf{54}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{0} \mathbf{N}$ is then applied to the block, in the direction away from the post. (a) What is the speed of the block when the spring is stretched $\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{400} \mathbf{m}$ ? (b) At that instant, what are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the block?

One end of a horizontal spring with force constant 76.0 N/m is attached to a vertical post. A 2.00 - kg block of frictionless ice is attached to the other end and rests on the floor. The spring is initially neither stretched nor compressed. A constant horizontal force of 54.0 N is then applied to the block, in the direction away from the post. (a) What is the speed of the block when the spring is stretched 0.400 m ? (b) At that instant, what are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the block?

A 5.0 kg block is moving at ${\mathbf{v}}_{\mathbf{0}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{6}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{00}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{s}$ along a frictionless, horizontal surface toward a spring with force constant k = 500 N/mk that is attached to a wall (Fig. P6.79). The spring has negligible mass. (a) Find the maximum distance the spring will be compressed. (b) If the spring is to compress by no more than 0.150 m, what should be the maximum value of ${\mathbf{v}}_{\mathbf{0}}$?

A physics professor is pushed up a ramp inclined upward at 30.0° above the horizontal as she sits in her desk chair, which slides on frictionless rollers. The combined mass of the professor and chair is 85.0 kg. She is pushed 2.50 m along the incline by a group of students who together exert a constant horizontal force of 600 N. The professor’s speed at the bottom of the ramp is 2.00 m/s. Use the work–energy theorem to find her speed at the top of the ramp.

Consider the system shown in Fig. P6.81. The rope and pulley have negligible mass, and the pulley is frictionless. Initially the block is moving downward and the block is moving to the right, both with a speed of . The blocks come to rest after moving 2.00 m. Use the work–energy theorem to calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 8.00-kg block and the table top.

Consider the system shown in Fig. P6.81. The rope and pulley have negligible mass, and the pulley is frictionless. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 8.00-kg block and the table top is  ${\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathbf{k}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{250}$. The blocks are released from rest. Use energy methods to calculate the speed of the 6.00-kg block after it has descended 1.50 m.

On an essentially frictionless, horizontal ice rink, a skater moving at encounters a rough patch that reduces her speed to due to a friction force that is 25% of her weight. Use the work–energy theorem to find the length of this rough patch

All birds, independent of their size, must maintain a power output of 10 - 25 watts per kilogram of body mass in order to fly by flapping their wings. (a) The Andean giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas) has mass 70 g and flaps its wings 10 times per second while hovering. Estimate the amount of work done by such a hummingbird in each wingbeat. (b) A 70-kg athlete can maintain a power output of 1.4 kW for no more than a few seconds; the steady power output of a typical athlete is only 500 W or so. Is it possible for a human-powered aircraft to fly for extended periods by flapping its wings for a human-powered aircraft to fly for extended periods by flapping its wings? Explain.

A pump is required to lift 800 kg of water (about 210 gallons) per minute from a well 14.0 m deep and eject it with a speed of 18.0 m/s. (a) How much work is done per minute in lifting the water? (b) How much work is done in giving the water the kinetic energy it has when ejected? (c) What must be the power output of the pump?

The Grand Coulee Dam is 1270 m long and 170 m high. The electrical power output from generators at its base is approximately 2000 MW. How many cubic meters of water must flow from the top of the dam per second to produce this amount of power if 92 % of the work done on the water by gravity is converted to electrical energy? (Each cubic meter of water has a mass of 1000 kg.)

A physics student spends part of her day walking between classes or for recreation, during which time she expends energy at an average rate of 280 W. The remainder of the day she is sitting in class, studying, or resting; during these activities, she expends energy at an average rate of 100 W. If she expends a total of $\mathbf{1}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{1}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{7}}\mathbf{\hspace{0.33em}}\mathit{J}$ of energy in a 24 hour day, how much of the day did she spend walking?

An object has several forces acting on it. One of these forces is $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}\mathbf{=}\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{x}\mathit{y}\hat{\mathbf{i}}$, a force in the x-direction whose magnitude depends on the position of the object, with $\mathbf{\alpha }\mathbf{=}\mathbf{2}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{50}\mathbf{ }\mathit{N}\mathbf{/}{\mathit{m}}^{\mathbf{2}}$. Calculate the work done on the object by this force for the following displacements of the object: (a) The object starts at the point (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m)  and moves parallel to the x-axis to the point (x = 0, y = 3.00 m). (b) The object starts at the point and moves in the y-direction to the point, (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m) . (c) The object starts at the origin and moves on the line to the point (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m) .

An object has several forces acting on it. One of these forces is $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{\alpha xy}\hat{\mathbf{i}}$, a force in the x-direction whose magnitude depends on the position of the object, with . Calculate the work done on the object by this force for the following displacements of the object: (a) The object starts at the point (x = 0, y = 3.00 m) and moves parallel to the x-axis to the point (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m). (b) The object starts at the point (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m) and moves in the y-direction to the point, (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m). (c) The object starts at the origin and moves on the line y = 1.5x to the point (x = 2.00, y = 3.00 m) .

Power of the Human Heart. The human heart is a powerful and extremely reliable pump. Each day it takes in and discharges about 7500 L of blood. Assume that the work done by the heart is equal to the work required to lift this amount of blood a height equal to that of the average American woman (1.63 m). The density (mass per unit volume) of blood is $\mathbf{1}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{05}\mathbf{\times }{\mathbf{10}}^{\mathbf{3}}\mathit{k}\mathit{g}\mathbf{/}{\mathit{m}}^{\mathbf{3}}$ . (a) How much work does the heart do in a day? (b) What is the heart’s power output in watts?

Figure P6.90 shows the results of measuring the force F exerted on both ends of a rubber band to stretch it a distance x from its unstretched position. (Source: www.sciencebuddies.org) The data points are well fit by the equation $\mathit{F}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{33}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{55}{\mathit{x}}^{\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{4571}}$ , where F is in newtons and x is in meters. (a) Does this rubber band obey Hooke’s law over the range of x shown in the graph? Explain. (b) The stiffness of a spring that obeys Hooke’s law is measured by the value of its force constant k, where k = F/x. This can be written as k = dF/dx to emphasize the quantities that are changing. Define ${\mathbf{k}}_{\mathbf{eff}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{dF}\mathbf{/}\mathbf{dx}$ and calculate k_eff as a function of x for this rubber band. For a spring that obeys Hooke’s law, is constant, independent of x. Does the stiffness of this band, as measured by k_eff , increase or decrease as x is increased, within the range of the data? (c) How much work must be done to stretch the rubber band from x = 0 to x = 0.0400 m ? From x=0.0400 m to x=0.0800 m ? (d) One end of the rubber band is attached to a stationary vertical rod, and the band is stretched horizontally 0.0800 m from its unstretched length. A 0.300-kg object on a horizontal, frictionless surface is attached to the free end of the rubber band and released from rest. What is the speed of the object after it has traveled 0.0400 m?

For a physics lab experiment, four classmates run up the stairs from the basement to the top floor of their physics building—a vertical distance of 16.0 m. The classmates and their masses are: Tatiana, 50.2 kg; Bill, 68.2 kg; Ricardo, 81.8 kg; and Melanie, 59.1 kg. The time it takes each of them is shown in Fig. P6.92. (a) considering only the work done against gravity, which person had the largest average power output? The smallest? (b) Chang is very fit and has mass 62.3 kg. If his average power output is 1.00 hp, how many seconds does it take him to run up the stairs?

A Spring with Mass. We usually ignore the kinetic energy of the moving coils of a spring, but let’s try to get a reasonable approximation to this. Consider a spring of mass M, equilibrium length ${\mathit{L}}_{\mathbf{0}}$, and force constant k. The work done to stretch or compress the spring by a distance L is $\frac{\mathbf{1}}{\mathbf{2}}\mathit{k}{\mathit{X}}^{\mathbf{2}}$, where $\mathit{X}\mathbf{=}\mathit{L}\mathbf{-}{\mathit{L}}_{\mathbf{0}}$. Consider a spring, as described above, that has one end fixed and the other end moving with speed v. Assume that the speed of points along the length of the spring varies linearly with distance l from the fixed end. Assume also that the mass M of the spring is distributed uniformly along the length of the spring. (a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the spring in terms of M and v. (Hint: Divide the spring into pieces of length dl; find the speed of each piece in terms of l, v, and L; find the mass of each piece in terms of dl, M, and L; and integrate from 0 to L. The result is not $\frac{\mathbf{1}}{\mathbf{2}}\mathit{M}{\mathit{v}}^{\mathbf{2}}$, since not all of the spring moves with the same speed.) In a spring gun, a spring of mass $0.243-\mathrm{kg}$ and force constant $3200 \mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}$ is compressed $2.50 \mathrm{cm}$ from its upstretched length. When the trigger is pulled, the spring pushes horizontally on a $0.053-\mathrm{kg}$ ball. The work done by friction is negligible. Calculate the ball’s speed when the spring reaches its uncompressed length (b) ignoring the mass of the spring and (c) including, using the results of part (a), the mass of the spring. (d) In part (c), what is the final kinetic energy of the ball and of the spring?

An airplane in flight is subject to an air resistance force proportional to the square of its speed v. But there is an additional resistive force because the airplane has wings. Air flowing over the wings is pushed down and slightly forward, so from Newton’s third law the air exerts a force on the wings and airplane that is up and slightly backward (Fig. P6.94). The upward force is the lift force that keeps the airplane aloft, and the backward force is called induced drag. At flying speeds, induced drag is inversely proportional to ${\mathit{v}}^{\mathbf{2}}$, so the total air resistance force can be expressed by ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathbf{a}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}}\mathbf{=}\mathit{\alpha }{\mathit{v}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{+}\mathit{\beta }\mathbf{/}{\mathit{v}}^{\mathbf{2}}$, where $\mathit{\alpha }$ and $\mathit{\beta }$ are positive constants that depend on the shape and size of the airplane and the density of the air. For a Cessna150 , a small single-engine airplane, $\mathit{\alpha }\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{30}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{N}\mathbf{·}{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ and $\mathit{\beta }\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{30}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{N}\mathbf{·}{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{/}{\mathbf{m}}^{\mathbf{2}}$. In steady flight, the engine must provide a forward force that exactly balances the air resistance force. (a) Calculate the speed (in km/h) at which this airplane will have the maximum range (that is, travel the greatest distance) for a given quantity of fuel. (b) Calculate the speed (in km/h) for which the airplane will have the maximum endurance (that is, remain in the air the longest time).

Energy of locomotion. On flat ground, a $70-\mathrm{kg}$ person requires about $300 \mathrm{W}$ of metabolic power to walk at a steady pace of $5-\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{hr} \left(1.4 \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\right)$. Using the same metabolic power output, that person can bicycle over the same ground at $15-\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{h}$.

Based on the given data, how does the energy used in biking 1 km compare with that used in walking 1 km? Biking takes (a) 1/3 of the energy of walking the same distance; (b) the same energy as walking the same distance; (c) 3 times the energy of walking the same distance; (d) 9 times the energy of walking the same distance.

A 70 - kg person walks at a steady pace of 5 - km/hr on a treadmill at a 5.0% grade. (That is, the vertical distance covered is 5.0% of the horizontal distance covered.) If we assume the metabolic power required is equal to that required for walking on a flat surface plus the rate of doing work for the vertical climb, how much power is required? (a) 300 W; (b) 315 W; (c) 350 W; (d) 370 W.

A baseball is thrown straight up with initial speed ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathbf{0}}$ . If air resistance cannot be ignored, when the ball returns to its initial height its speed is less than ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathbf{0}}$ . Explain why, using energy concepts.

A projectile has the same initial kinetic energy no matter what the angle of projection. Why doesn’t it rise to the same maximum height in each case?