Organizing Data

Provide a reason why the classification of data is important 

Give an example, other than those presented in this section, of 

a) Qualitative Variable 

b) Discrete Qualitative Variable

c) Continuous Quantitative Variable 

Explain the meaning of 

Qualitative Variable 

Discrete, Quantitative Variable 

Continuous, Quantitative Variable 

Of the variables you have studied so far, which type yields non numerical data ? 

An online article from the Washington Post titled 'Facebook joins rank of largest IPOs in US History' race the following information on the top 10 IPOs (initial public offerings) in the United States as of May 2012

a. What type of data is presented in the first column of the table ? 

b. What type of data is presented in the second column of the table ? 

c. What type of data is presented in the third column of the table ? 

d. What type of data is provided by the information that Facebook is a social networking website 

Explain the meaning of 

a) Qualitative Variable 

b) Discrete, Quantitative Variable 

c) Continuous, Quantitative Variable 

 Recording Industry Statistics. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) reports annual statistics on shipments and revenues. For the year 2012, RIAA reported the following data on physical shipments. [SOURCE: Year.End industry Shipment and Revenue Statistics. Published by RIAA, (c) 2012.]

Identify the type of data provided by the information in each of the following columns of the table:

a. first b. second c. third

 RBI Kings, As reported on MLB.com, the five players with the highest runs batted in (RBI) during the 2012 Major League Baseball season are listed in the following table. Also included are the teams for which they played, their positions, and their weights. Identify the type of data provided by the information in each column of the table.

Top Broadcast Shows. As reported in Primetime Broadcast Programs, a publication of The Nielsen Company, the top three prime broadcast network television shows for the week of August 5, 2013, are as presented in the following table. Ratings are the percentage of TV homes in the United States tuned into television. Identify the type of data provided by the information in each column of the table

.

The Fulbright Program. The U.S. government's flagship international educational exchange program, the Fulbright program, is sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Fulbrights are awarded based on "academic and leadership potential. providing the opportunity to exchange ideas and contribute to finding solutions to shared international concerns." For 2012-2013, the top 10 doctoral/research institutions receiving Fulbright awards are as shown in the following table. The success rate gives the number of grants per application, expressed as a percentage. Identify the type of data provided by the information in each column of the table.

Top 10 Green Cars. The following table presents information on the Kelley Blue Book's "10 Best Green Cars of 2013." Note that mpg and mpge are abbreviations for miles per gallon and miles per gallon equivalent, respectively. Identify the type of data provided by the information in each column of the table. [SOURCE: "10 Best Green Cars of 2013." Published by the Kelley Blue

Ordinal Data. Another important type of data is ordinal data, which are data about order or rank given on a scale such as $1,2,3,\dots$ or $A,B,C,\dots$ Following are several variables. Which, if any, yield ordinal data? Explain your answer.

a. Height

e. Number of siblings

b. Weight

f. Religion

c. Age

g. Place of birth

d. Sex

h. High school class rank

Another important type of data is ordinal data, which is data about order or rank given on a scale such as $1,2,3,\dots$ or $A, B, C,...$ Following are several variables. Which, if any, yield ordinal data? Explain your answer.

a. Height

b. Weight

c. Age

d. Sex

e. The number of siblings

f. Religion

g. Place of birth

h. High school class rank

 What is the frequency distribution of qualitative data and why is it useful?

 Explain the difference between

a. frequency and relative frequency.

b. percentage and relative frequency.

 Answer true or false to each of the statements in parts (a) and (b), and explain your reasoning.

a. Two data sets that have identical frequency distributions have identical relative-frequency distributions.

b. Two data sets that have identical relative-frequency distributions have identical frequency distributions.

c. Use your answers to parts (a) and (b) to explain why relative frequency distributions are better than frequency distributions for comparing two data sets.

Class Levels. Earlier in this section, we considered the political party affiliations of the students in Professor Weiss's introductory statistics course. The class levels of those students are as follows, where Fr, So, Jr, and Sr denote freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior, respectively.

U.S. Regions. The U.S. Census Bureau divides the states in the United States into four regions: Northeast (NE), Midwest (MW), South (SO), and West (WE). The following table gives the region of each of the $50$ states.

Road Rage. The report Controlling Road Rage: A Literature Review and Pilot Study was prepared for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety by D. Rathbone and J. Huckabee. The authors discuss the results of a literature review and pilot study on how to prevent aggressive driving and road rage. As described in the study, road rage is criminal behavior by motorists characterized by uncontrolled anger that results in violence or threatened violence on the road. One of the goals of the study was to determine when road rage occurs most often. The days on which$69$ road rage incidents occurred are presented in the following table.

In Exercises 2.20-2.25, we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set,

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

In Exercises 2.20-2.25, we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set,

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

In Exercises 2.20-2.25, we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set,

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

In Exercises 2.20-2.25, we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set,

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

In Exercises 2.20-2.25, we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set,

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

In Exercises 2.20-2.25, we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set,

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

For each data sets in Exercises 2.26-2.31, 

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

Primetime Broadcast Shows. From the TV by the Numbers website, we obtained the networks for the top 20 primetime broadcast TV shows by total viewership for the week ending August 18 , 2013 .

For each data sets in Exercises 2.26-2.31, 

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

For each data sets in Exercises 2.26-2.31, 

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

Colleges of Students. The following table provides data on college for the students in one section of the course Introduction to Computer Science during one semester at Arizona State University. In the table, we use the abbreviations BUS for Business, ENG for Engineering and Applied Sciences, and LIB for Liberal Arts and Sciences.

we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

For each data sets in Exercises 2.26-2.31, 

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

Class Levels. Earlier in this section, we considered the political party affiliations of the students in Professor Weiss's introductory statistics course. The class levels of those students are as follows. where Fr. So, Jr. and Sr denote freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior, respectively.

For each data sets in Exercises 2.26-2.31, 

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

U.S. Regions. The U.S. Census Bureau divides the states in the United States into four regions: Northeast (NE), Midwest (MW), South (SO), and West (WE). The following table gives the region of each of the 50 states.

For each data sets in Exercises 2.26-2.31, 

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. Construct a bar chart.

Road Rage. The report Controlling Road Rage: A Literature Review and Pilot Study was prepared for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety by D. Rathbone and J. Huckabee. The authors discuss the results of a literature review and pilot study on how to prevent aggressive driving and road rage. As described in the study, road rage is criminal behavior by motorists characterized by uncontrolled anger that results in violence or threatened violence on the road. One of the goals of the study was to determine when road rage occurs most often. The days on which 69 road rage incidents occurred are presented in the following table.

we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

we have presented some simple qualitative data sets for practicing the concepts. For each data set.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

From the TV by the Numbers website, we obtained the networks for the top $20$ primetime broadcast TV shows by total viewership for the week ending August $18, 2013$.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

From NCAA.com-the official Web site for NCAA sports-we obtained the National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestling champions for the years $1989-2013$ in the document "Championship History." They are displayed in the following table.

a. determine a frequency distribution.

b. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

c. draw a pie chart.

d. construct a bar chart.

The following table provides data on college for the students in one section of the course Introduction to Computer Science during one semester at Arizona State University. In the table, we use the abbreviations BUS for Business, ENG for Engineering and Applied Sciences, and LIB for Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Drug dealer motivation is traditionally attributed to greed or social pressures. Researchers R. Highland and D. Dabney explore possible personality characteristics as a motivation in the article "Using Adlerian Theory to Shed Light on Drug Dealer Motivations" (Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 109-138). The following table lists the types of drug sold from a sample of convicted drug dealers.

Robbery Locations. The Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation published a compilation of crime statistics for the United States in Crime in the United States. The following table provides a frequency distribution for robbery type during a one-year period.

a. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

b. draw a pie chart.

c. construct a bar chart.

M\&M Colors. Observing that the proportion of blue M\&Ms in his bowl of candy appeared to be less than that of the other colors, R. Fricker, Jr., decided to compare the color distribution in randomly chosen bags of M\&Ms to the theoretical distribution reported by M\&M/MARS consumer affairs. Fricker published his findings in the article "The Mysterious Case of the Blue M\&Ms" (Chance, Vol. 9(4), pp. 19-22). For his study, Fricker bought three bags of M\&Ms from local stores and counted the number of each color. The average number of each color in the three bags was distributed as shown in the following table.

a. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

b. draw a pie chart.

c. construct a bar chart.

Freshmen Politics. The Higher Education Research Institute of the University of California, Los Angeles, publishes information on characteristics of incoming college freshmen in The American Freshman. In $2000,27.7\%$of incoming freshmen characterized their political views as liberal, $51.9\%$ as moderate, and $20.4\%$ as conservative. For this year, a random sample of $500$ incoming college freshmen yielded the following frequency distribution for political views.

a. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

b. draw a pie chart.

c. construct a bar chart.

Medical School Faculty. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) compiles data on medical school faculty and publishes the results in AAMC Faculty Roster. The following table presents a frequency distribution of rank for medical school faculty during one year.

a. obtain a relative-frequency distribution.

b. draw a pie chart.

c. construct a bar chart.

 An American roulette wheel contains $18$ red numbers,$18$ black numbers, and $2$ green numbers. The following table shows the frequency with which the ball landed on each color in $200$ trials.

The National Center for Health Statistics collects data on health insurance coverage status and coverage type. The following data from the National Health Interview Survey provides the frequency, in millions, of the current health status for persons aged$19-64$ and persons aged $65$ and over.

a. Obtain a relative-frequency distribution of health status for persons aged $19-64$and a relative-frequency distribution of health status for persons aged $65$ and over.

b. Draw a pie chart for both age groups.

c. Compare your pie charts.

Japanese Vehicle Exports. The Japan Automobile Manufacturer's Association provides data on exported vehicles in Motor Vehicle Statistics of Japan. In $2010$, cars, trucks, and buses constituted $88.3\%,9.3\%$, and $2.4\%$ of vehicle exports, respectively. A random sample of last year's exports yielded the vehicle-type data on the WeissStats site.

Marital Status and Drinking. Research by W. Clark and L. Midanik (Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems: Alcohol and Health Monograph 1. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) $82-1190$) examined, among other issues, alcohol consumption patterns of U.S. adults by marital status. Data for marital status and the number of drinks per month, based on the researchers' survey results, are provided on the WeissStats site.

Ballot Preferences. In Issue $338$ of the Amstat News, then president of the American Statistical Association, F. Scheuren, reported the results of a survey on how members would prefer to receive ballots in annual elections. On the WeissStats site, you will find data for preference and highest degree obtained for the $566$ respondents.