Chapter 5

Predict the formula of the compound that forms between carbon and chlorine.

Predict the formula of the compound that forms between phosphorus ( \(\mathrm{P}\) ) and hydrogen.

Predict the formula of the compound that forms between silicon (Si) and bromine (Br).

In forming molecules, atoms can share unpaired electrons in order to achieve an octet in their valence shell. Hydrogen is an exception. What number of electrons does hydrogen "want," and why is this number not eight?

What is the molecular formula of the compound that forms between \(\mathrm{H}\) atoms and \(\mathrm{F}\) atoms? Justify your answer with dot diagrams.

Why is water \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) and not \(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}\) or something else? Justify your answer with dot diagrams.

Draw a dot diagram for hydrazine, \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\), sometimes used as a rocket fuel.

Draw a dot diagram for hypochlorous acid, HClO. (Hint: The \(\mathrm{O}\) atom forms a bond with \(\mathrm{H}\) and \(\mathrm{Cl}\).)

Draw a dot diagram for carbon dioxide, \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\).

Draw a dot diagram for propyne, \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{4}\). One carbon has three hydrogens bound to it, one has one hydrogen bound to it, and one has no hydrogens bound to it.

Draw a dot diagram for hydrogen cyanide, HCN. The hydrogen is attached to the carbon.

Draw a dot diagram for acetone, \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}\), the active ingredient in nail polish remover. The oxygen is bound to only one carbon, and that carbon has no hydrogens bound to it.

Draw a dot diagram for the carbonate anion, \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}\).

Draw a dot diagram for neutral \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}\).

Draw a dot diagram for the sulfite ion, \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}{\underline{\phantom{xx}}}^{2-}\).

Draw a dot diagram for \(\mathrm{NO}^{+}\).

\(\mathrm{SiO}_{2}\)

Without knowing electronegativity values, a student claims \(\mathrm{BaCl}_{2}\) is more ionic than \(\mathrm{BeCl}_{2}\). All she has access to is a periodic table. How does she know she is right?

Fill in the blanks: \begin{tabular}{llll} Formula & Cation & Anion & Name \\ \hline \(\mathrm{CaF}_{2}\) & \(?\) & \(?\) & \(?\) \\ \(?\) & \(?\) & \(?\) & Cesium bromide \\ \(?\) & \(\mathrm{Al}^{3+}\) & \(\mathrm{S}^{2-}\) & \(?\) \\ \(\mathrm{~K}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) & \(?\) & \(?\) & \(?\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}

What do all the chemical formulas of the group IIA bromides have in common?

Give the proper name for the compound \(\mathrm{TiCl}_{4}\).

Give the proper name for the compound \(\mathrm{TiC}\).

Give the molecular formula for tin(II) fluoride

Give the proper name for the compound \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{C}\)

Give the name of the following binary compounds of transition metals using both the modern and older systems: (a) \(\mathrm{CuCl}\) and \(\mathrm{CuCl}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\)

Give the proper name for the compound \(\mathrm{NO}\).

Give the proper name for the compound \(\mathrm{PCl}_{5}\).

Give the chemical formula for tetraphosphorus decasulfide.

What is the empirical formula of a compound that is \(17.552 \% \mathrm{Na}, 39.696 \% \mathrm{Cr}\), and \(42.752 \% \mathrm{O} ?\)

Write the formula for sodium carbonate.

Write the proper name for \(\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{ClO})_{2} .\)

Write the formula for magnesium bicarbonate.

Draw dot diagrams for the following simple ions: (a) \(\mathrm{I}^{-}\) (b) \(\mathrm{O}^{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{Cl}\) (d) \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\)

What do you call the attractive force that results when a negative ion comes into contact with a positive ion?

In terms of valence electrons, what must happen for an ionic bond to form between initially neutral atoms? What kind of atoms are likely to do what you describe? Give an example.

If potassium and oxygen were to bind, describe with words and dot diagrams what would happen to the valence electrons.

Predict the formulas of the ionic compounds that result from combining the following: (a) \(\mathrm{Mg}\) (solid metal) with \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) (liquid) (b) Be (solid metal) with \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) (gas) (c) Na (solid metal) with \(\mathrm{I}_{2}\) (solid)

Predict the formula of the ionic compound formed by each of the following pairs of elements: (a) \(\mathrm{Ca}_{,} \mathrm{I}\) (b) \(\mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{O}\) (c) \(\mathrm{Al}, \mathrm{S}\) (d) \(\mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Br}\)

Predict the formula of the ionic compound that would result from the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.

Suppose you come across a solid substance and experiments show no long-range order among the particles that make up that solid. What type of solid do vou have?

What insights does Coulomb's Law give into ionic lattice energy?

Should the lattice energy for \(\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\) be greater or less than the lattice energy for \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{O} ?\) By how much? Justify your answers.

Explain the term lattice energy in terms of melting an ionic lattice.

A simple drop on the floor of an ionic substance may cause it to fracture along a perfectly straight line. Explain why.

Give a general definition of a molecule.

Are all molecules also compounds? Explain.

Suppose you could see into solid objects at the atomic level. Explain, based on what you see, why solid NaCl would not be called a molecular substance whereas solid \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) would.

What is it about molecules that makes them worth preparing? Give some examples.

What common diatomic molecules exist in our atmosphere? What triatomic molecules exist in our atmosphere? Give the formulas for all your answers.

Ethanol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}\right)\) is consumed in alcoholic beverages, but another alcohol, methanol (CH \(_{4} \mathrm{O}\) ), is toxic. What explanation can you give for this?