Chapter 1

The following data refer to the compound water. Classify each as a chemical or a physical property. (a) It is a colorless liquid at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\). (b) It reacts with sodium to form hydrogen gas as one of the products. (c) Its melting point is \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (d) It is insoluble in carbon tetrachloride.

The following data refer to the element phosphorus. Classify each as a physical or a chemical property. (a) It exists in several forms, for example, white, black, and red phosphorus. (b) It is a solid at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\). (c) It is insoluble in water. (d) It burns in chlorine to form phosphorus trichloride.

Lead has a density of \(11.34 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) and oxygen has a density of \(1.31 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) at room temperature. How many \(\mathrm{cm}^{3}\) are occupied by \(1 \mathrm{~g}\) of lead? By \(1 \mathrm{~g}\) of oxygen? Comment on the difference in volume for the two elements.

The dimensions of aluminum foil in a box for sale in supermarkets are \(662 / 3\) yards by 12 inches. The mass of the foil is \(0.83 \mathrm{~kg}\). If its density is \(2.70 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\), then what is the thickness of the foil in inches?

The Kohinoor Diamond \(\left(d=3.51 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right)\) is 108 carats. If one carat has a mass of \(2.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{mg}\), what is the mass of the Kohinoor Diamond in pounds? What is the volume of the diamond in cubic inches?

A pycnometer is a device used to measure density. It weighs \(20.455 \mathrm{~g}\) empty and \(31.486 \mathrm{~g}\) when filled with water \(\left(d=1.00 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right) .\) Pieces of an alloy are put into the empty, dry pycnometer. The mass of the alloy and pycnometer is \(28.695 \mathrm{~g}\). Water is added to the alloy to exactly fill the pycnometer. The mass of the pycnometer, water, and alloy is \(38.689 \mathrm{~g}\). What is the density of the alloy?

Titanium is used in airplane bodies because it is strong and light. It has a density of \(4.55 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\). If a cylinder of titanium is \(7.75 \mathrm{~cm}\) long and has a mass of \(153.2 \mathrm{~g}\), calculate the diameter of the cylinder. \(\left(V=\pi r^{2} h\right.\), where \(V\) is the volume of the cylinder, \(r\) is its radius, and \(h\) is the height.)

How do you distinguish (a) density from solubility? (b) an element from a compound? (c) a solution from a heterogeneous mixture?

How do you distinguish (a) chemical properties from physical properties? (b) distillation from filtration? (c) a solute from a solution?

Why is the density of a regular soft drink higher than that of a diet soft drink?

At what point is the temperature in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) exactly twice that in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\)

Oil spreads on water to form a film about \(100 \mathrm{~nm}\) thick (two significant figures). How many square kilometers of ocean will be covered by the slick formed when one barrel of oil is spilled (1 barrel \(=31.5\) U.S. gal)?

A laboratory experiment requires \(12 \mathrm{~g}\) of aluminum wire \((d=\) \(\left.2.70 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right)\). The diameter of the wire is \(0.200\) in. Determine the length of the wire, in centimeters, to be used for this experiment. The volume of a cylinder is \(\pi r^{2} \ell\), where \(r=\) radius and \(\ell=\) length.

An average adult breathes about \(8.50 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~L}\) of air per day. The concentration of lead in highly polluted urban air is \(7.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~g}\) of lead per one \(\mathrm{m}^{3}\) of air. Assume that \(75 \%\) of the lead is present as particles less than \(1.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter, and that \(50 \%\) of the particles below that size are retained in the lungs. Calculate the mass of lead absorbed in this manner in 1 year by an average adult living in this environment.