Chapter 17

Ethyl acetate \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)\) is produced in the equilibrium system described by the following equation. $$\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH} \rightleftharpoons} \\ \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad {\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COCCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}}\end{array}$$ Why does the removal of water result in the production of more ethyl acetate?

How would these equilibria be affected by decreasing the temperature? \begin{equation} \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } 2 \mathrm{O}_{3}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons 3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\text { heat }} \\ {\text { b. heat }+\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{F}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{HF}(\mathrm{g})}\end{array} \end{equation}

How would simultaneously increasing the temperature and volume of the system affect these equilibria? \begin{equation} \begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } 2 \mathrm{O}_{3}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons 3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\text { heat }} \\ {\text { b. heat }+\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NO}(\mathrm{g})}\end{array} \end{equation}

The solubility product constant for lead(II) arsenate \(\left(\mathrm{Pb}_{3}\left(\mathrm{AsO}_{4}\right)_{2}\right)\) is \(4.0 \times 10^{-36}\) at 298 \(\mathrm{K}\) . Calculate the molar solubility of the compound at this temperature.

Food Flavoring Benzaldehyde, known as artificial almond oil, is used in food flavorings. What is the molar concentration of benzaldehyde \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}\right)\) at \(298 \mathrm{K},\) when its density is 1.043 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}\) ?

Describe the process by which adding potassium hydroxide to a saturated aluminum hydroxide solution reduces the concentration of aluminum ions. Write the solubility equilibrium equation and solubility product constant expression for a saturated aqueous solution of aluminum hydroxide.

At \(298 \mathrm{K}, K_{\mathrm{sp}}\) for cadmium iodate \(\left(\mathrm{Cd}\left(\mathrm{IO}_{3}\right)_{2}\right)\) equals \(2.3 \times 10^{-8} .\) What are the molar concentrations of cadmium ions and iodate ions in a saturated solution at 298 \(\mathrm{K?}\)

Analyze Suppose that an equilibrium system at a given temperature has a \(K_{\text { eq }}\) equal to \(1.000 .\) Evaluate the possibility that such a system is made up of 50\(\%\) reactants and 50\(\%\) products. Explain your answer.

Compare and Contrast Which of the two solids, calcium phosphate or iron(III) phosphate, has the greater molar solubility? \(K_{\mathrm{sp}}\left(\mathrm{Ca}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}\right)=1.2 \times 10^{-29}; \) \(K_{\mathrm{sp}}\left(\mathrm{FePO}_{4}\right)=1.0 \times 10^{-22} .\) Which compound has the greater solubility, expressed in grams per liter?

Explain the general trend in ionization energy as you go from left to right along Periods \(1-5\) of the periodic table. (Chapter 6\()\)

How are the lengths of covalent bonds related to their strength? (Chapter 8\()\)

How are the chemical bonds in \(\mathrm{H}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{2},\) and \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\) different? (Chapter 8\()\)

What mass of carbon must burn to produce 4.56 \(\mathrm{L} \mathrm{CO}_{2}\) gas at STP? (Chapter 11) $$\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})$$

Describe a hydrogen bond. What conditions must exist for a hydrogen bond to form? (Chapter 12\()\)

When you reverse a thermochemical equation, why must you change the sign of \(\Delta H ?\) (Chapter 15\()\)

What is the sign of the free energy change, \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) system, for a spontaneous reaction? (Chapter 15\()\)

A New Compound Imagine that you are a scientist who has created a unique new liquid. You have named the liquid yollane, abbreviated yo. Yollane is nontoxic, inexpensive to make, and can dissolve huge volumes of gaseous carbon dioxide in the equilibrium \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{yo}), K_{\mathrm{eq}}=3.4 \times 10^{6} .\) Write a newspaper or magazine article that explains the merits of yollane in combating global warming.

Hard Water The presence of magnesium and calcium ions in water makes the water "hard." Explain in terms of solubility why the presence of these ions is often undesirable. Find out what measures can be taken to eliminate them.