Chapter 14

You need to make a large quantity of a 5\(\%\) solution of HCl but have only 25 \(\mathrm{mL}\) HCl. What volume of 5\(\%\) solution can be made from this volume of HCl?

Calculate the percent by volume of a solution created by adding 75 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of acetic acid to 725 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of water.

Calculate the molarity of a solution that contain 15.7 g of CaCO \(_{3}\) dissolved in 275 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of water.

What is the volume of a 3.00\(M\) solution made with 122 g of LiF?

How many moles of BaS would be used to make \(1.5 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{mL}\) of a 10.0 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution?

IIow much \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2},\) in grams, is needed to make 2.0 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 3.5 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution?

Stock solutions of HCl with various molarities are frequently prepared. Complete Table 14.7 by calculating the volume of concentrated, or 12\(M\) , hydrochloric acid that should be used to make 1.0 \(\mathrm{L}\) of HCl solution with each molarity listed.

How much of 5.0 \(\mathrm{M}\) nitric acid (HNO \(_{3} ),\) in milliliters, is needed to make 225 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 1.0 \(\mathrm{M} \mathrm{HNO}_{3} ?\)

Experiment In the lab, you dilute 55 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a 4.0 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution to make 250 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of solution. Calculate the molarity of the new solution.

How many milliliters of 3.0\(M\) phosphoric acid \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)\) can be made from 95 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a 5.0 \(\mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\) solution?

If you dilute 20.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a 3.5\(M\) solution to make 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of solution, what is the molarity of the dilute solution?

What is the molality of a solution that contain 75.3 \(\mathrm{g}\) of KCl dissolved in 95.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of water?

How many grams of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\) must be dissolved into 155 \(\mathrm{g}\) of water to create a solution with a molality of 8.20 mollkg?

What is the molality of a solution containing 30.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of naphthalene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{8}\right)\) dissolved in 500.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of toluene?

What are the molality and mole fraction of solute in a 35.5 percent by mass aqueous solution of formic acid \((\mathrm{HCOOH}) ?\)

Describe the process of solvation.

What are three ways to increase the rate of solvation?

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated solutions.

At a pressure of 1.5 atm, the solubility of a gas is 0.54 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}\) . Calculate the solubility when the pressure is doubled.

The solubility of a gas at 37.0 \(\mathrm{kPa}\) is 1.80 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}\) . At what pressure will the solubility reach 9.00 g/L?

Soft Drinks The partial pressure of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) inside a bottle of soft drink is 4.0 atm at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . The solubility of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is 0.12 \(\mathrm{mol} / \mathrm{L}\) . When the bottle is opened, the partial pressure drops to \(3.0 \times 10^{-4}\) atm. What is the solubility of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in the open drink? Express your answer in grams per liter.

Define the term colligative property.

Which solute has the greatest effect on the boiling point of \(1.00 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water: \(50.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of strontium chloride \(\left(\mathrm{Sr} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right)\) or \(150.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of carbon tetrachloride \(\left(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\right)\) ? Justify your answer.

How many grams of calcium nitrate \(\left(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\right)\) would you need to prepare 3.00 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 0.500 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution?

Develop a plan for making 1000 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a 5\(\%\) by volume solution of hydrochloric acid in water. Your plan should describe the amounts of solute and solvent necessary, as well as the steps involved in making the solution.

Infer Dehydration occurs when more fluid is lost from the body than is taken in. Scuba divers are advised to hydrate their bodies before diving. Use your knowledge of the relationship between pressure and gas solubility to explain the importance of hydration prior to a dive.

Compare Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration? Rank the solutions from the greatest to the smallest boiling point depression. Explain your answer. $$\begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } 0.10 \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{NaBr} \text { in } 100.0 \mathrm{mL} \text { solution }} \\ {\text { b. } 2.1 \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{KOH} \text { in } 1.00 \mathrm{L} \text { solution }} \\ {\text { c. } 1.2 \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{KMnO}_{4} \text { in } 3.00 \mathrm{L} \text { solution }}\end{array}$$

The radius of an argon atom is 94 \(\mathrm{pm} .\) Assuming the atom is spherical, what is the volume of an argon atom in cubic nanometers? \(V=4 / 3 \pi r^{3}\) (Chapter 3\()\)

Identify which molecule is polar. (Chapter 8 ) $$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. } \operatorname{SiH}_{4}} & {\text { c. } H_{2} S} \\ {\text { b. } N O_{2}} & {\text { d. } N C l_{3}}\end{array}$$

Name the following compounds. (Chapter 7) $$\begin{array}{l}{\text { a. } \mathrm{NaBr}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}} \\ {\text { c. }\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}}\end{array}$$

A 12.0 -g sample of an element contains \(5.94 \times 10^{22}\) atoms. What is the unknown element? (Chapter 10\()\)

Pure bismuth can be produced by the reaction of bismuth oxide with carbon at high temperatures. $$2 \mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}+3 \mathrm{C} \rightarrow 4 \mathrm{Bi}+3 \mathrm{CO}_{2}$$ How many moles of \(\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\) reacted to produce 12.6 \(\mathrm{mol}\) of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2} ?(\)Chapter 11\()\)

Homogenized Milk The first homogenized milk was sold in the United States around \(1919 .\) Today, almost all milk sold in this country is homogenized in the form of a colloidal emulsion. Research the homogenization process. Write a brief article describing the process. The article should include a flow cribing the diagram of the process, as well as a discussion of the reputed benefits and drawbacks associated with drinking homogenized milk.