Chapter 22

Draw structures of and supply names for the organic compounds produced by reacting ethene with each of the following substances. \(\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. water }} & {\text { c. hydrogen chloride }} \\\ {\text { b. hydrogen }} & {\text { d. fluorine }}\end{array}\)

Environmentally-Safe Propellants Hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) are replacing chlorofluorocarbons in hand-held asthma inhalers, because of CFC damage to the ozone layer. Draw the structures of the HFAs listed below. a. \(1,1,1,2,3,3,3\) -heptafluoropropane b. \(1,1,1,2,\) -tetrafluoroethane

Evaluate Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is very soluble in water. However, naturally occurring longchain carboxylic acids, such as palmitic acid \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{COOH}\right)\) , are insoluble in water. Explain.

Communicate Write structural formulas for all structural isomers of molecules having the following formulas. Name each isomer. a. \(C_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O} \quad\) b. \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\)

Identify Draw the structure of an example of an organic molecule that has four carbons and falls into each of the compound types listed. \(\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. ester }} & {\text { c. ether }} \\ {\text { b. aldehyde }} & {\text { d. alcohol }}\end{array}\)

Predict A monohalogenation reaction describes a substitution reaction in which a single hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen. A dihalogenation reaction is a reaction in which two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two halogen atoms. a. Draw the structures of all the possible monohalogenation products that can form when pentane reacts with \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) . b. Draw the structures of all the possible dihalogenation products that can form when pentane reacts with \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\)

Recognize Most useful organic molecules are made from raw materials using several steps. This is called a multistep synthesis pathway. Label the types of reaction or process taking place in each step of the multistep synthesis pathway below. petroleum \(\rightarrow\) ethane \(\rightarrow\) chloroethane \(\rightarrow\) ethene \(\rightarrow\) ethanol \(\rightarrow\) ethanoic (acetic) acid

Explain why the concentration of ozone over Antarctica decreases at about the same time every year. (Chapter 1\()\)

What is a rate-determining step? (Chapter 16\()\)

According to Le Châtelier's principle, how would increasing the volume of the reaction vessel affect the equilibrium \(2 \mathrm{SO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{SO}_{3}(\mathrm{g}) ?(\text {Chapter } 17)\)

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. (Chapter 21)

Historical Perspective Write a short story describing how your life would differ if you lived in the 1800 s, before the development of synthetic polymers.

Only one-half the amount of medication is needed with the HFA propellant when compared to the CFC propellant to achieve a similar blood-concentration level. Infer the advantages of using a lower dose of medication to get similar results.