Chapter 14

Explain Use the Tyndall effect to explain why it is more difficult to drive through fog using high beams than using low beams.

Describe different types of colloids.

Why do dispersed colloid particles stay dispersed?

What causes Brownian motion?

Make a table that compares the properties of suspensions, colloids, and solutions

What is the percent by mass of \(\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}\) in a solution containing 20.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}\) dissolved in 600.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) ?

You have 1500.0 g of a bleach solution. The percent by mass of the solute sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is 3.62\(\%\) . How many grams of NaOCl are in the solution?

The percent by mass of calcium chloride in a solution is found to be 2.65%. If 50.0 g of calcium chloride is used, what is the mass of the solution?

What is the percent by volume of ethanol in a solution that contains 35 mL of ethanol dissolved in 155 mL of water?

What is the percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol in a solution that contains 24 mL of isopropyl alcohol in 1.1 L of water?

If 18 mL of methanol is used to make an aqueous solution that is 15% methanol by volume, how many milliliters of solution is produced?

What is the molarity of an aqueous solution containing 40.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of glucose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) in 1.5 \(\mathrm{L}\) of solution?

What is the molarity of a bleach solution containing 9.5 \(\mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{NaOCl}\) per liter of bleach?

Challenge How much calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) \(_{2},\) in grams, is needed to produce 1.5 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 0.25 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution?

How many grams of \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}\) would be dissolved in 1.0 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 0.10 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution of \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2} ?\)

How many grams of \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}\) should be dissolved in 500.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of water to make a 0.20 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution of \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}\) ?

How much NaOH are in 250 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a 3.0 \(\mathrm{M}\) NaOH solution?

Challenge What volume of ethanol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) is in 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 0.15 \(\mathrm{M}\) solution? The density of ethanol is 0.7893 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}\) .

What volume of a 3.00\(M \mathrm{KI}\) stock solution would you use to make 0.300 \(\mathrm{L}\) of a 1.25 \(\mathrm{M} \mathrm{Kl}\) solution?

How many milliliters of a 5.0 \(\mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) stock solution would you need to prepare 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 0.25 \(\mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} ?\)

Challenge If 0.5 \(\mathrm{L}\) of 5\(M\) stock solution of HCl is diluted to make 2 \(\mathrm{L}\) of solution, how much HCl, in grams, was in the solution?

What is the molality of a solution containing 10.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) dissolved in 1000.0 \(\mathrm{g}\) of water?

What is the mole fraction of NaOH in an aqueous solution that contains 22.8\(\% \mathrm{NaOH}\) by mass?

Compare and contrast five quantitative ways to describe the composition of solutions.

Explain the similarities and differences between a 1\(M\) solution of NaOH and a 1 \(\mathrm{m}\) solution of NaOH.

Calculate \(A\) can of chicken broth contains 450 mg of sodium chloride in 240.0 g of broth. What is the percent by mass of sodium chloride in the broth?

Solve How much ammonium chloride \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}\right),\) in grams, is needed to produce 2.5 L of a 0.5 \(\mathrm{M}\) aqueous solution?

Outline the laboratory procedure for preparing a specific volume of a dilute solution from a concentrated stock solution.

If 0.55 g of a gas dissolves in 1.0 L of water at 20.0 kPa of pressure, how much will dissolve at 110.0 kPa of pressure

A gas has a solubility of 0.66 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}\) at 10.0 atm of pressure. What is the pressure on a \(1.0-\mathrm{L}\) sample that contains 1.5 \(\mathrm{g}\) of gas?

Challenge The solubility of a gas at 7 atm of pressure is 0.52 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}\) . How many grams of the gas would be dissolved per 1 \(\mathrm{L}\) if the pressure was raised to 10 \(\mathrm{atm}\) ?

Describe factors that affect the formation of solutions.

Define solubility.

Describe how intermolecular forces affect solvation.

Explain on a particle basis why the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than a pure solvent.

Sumarize If a seed crystal was added to a supersaturated solution, how would you characterize the resulting solution?

What are the boiling point and freezing point of a 0.625\(m\) aqueous solution of any nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute?

Challenge A 0.045 \(\mathrm{m}\) solution (consisting of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute) is experimentally found to have a freezing point depression of \(0.08^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) What is the freezing point depression constant \(\left(K_{f}\right) .\) Which is most likely to be the solvent: water, ethanol, or chloroform?

Explain the nature of colligative properties.

Describe four colligative properties of solutions.

Explain why a solution has a lower boiling point than that of the pure solvent.

Explain what is meant by the statement "not all mixtures are solutions."

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

What is a suspension, and how does it differ from a colloid?

How can the Tyndall effect be used to distinguish between a colloid and a solution? Why?

Name a colloid formed from a gas dispersed in a liquid.

What causes the Brownian motion observed in liquid colloids?

Aerosol sprays are categorized as colloids. Identify the phases of an aerosol spray.

What is the difference between percent by mass and percent by volume?

What is the difference between molarity and molality?