Chapter 3

What is a chemical bond? Explain the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond.

What is the difference between an empirical formula and a molecular formula?

Define and provide an example for each of the following: atomic element, molecular element,ionic compound, molecular compound.

Explain how to write a formula for an ionic compound given the names of the metal and nonmetal (or polyatomic ion) in the compound.

Explain how to name binary ionic compounds. How do you name an ionic compound if it contains a polyatomic ion?

How many atoms are specified by each of these prefixes: mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-,hexa-?

Explain how to name binary acids and oxyacids.

Explain how you can use the information in a chemical formula to determine how much of a particular element is present in a given amount of a compound. Provide some examples of why this might be important.

What kinds of conversion factors are inherent in chemical formulas? Provide an example.

What kind of chemical formula can be obtained from experimental data showing the relative masses of the elements in a compound?

What is combustion analysis? What is it used for?

Which elements are normally present in organic compounds?

What is the difference between an alkane, an alkene, and an alkyne?

What are functionalized hydrocarbons? Cite an example of a functionalized hydrocarbon.

Write a generic formula for each of the families of organic compounds. a. alcohols b. ethers c. aldehydes d. ketones e. carboxylic acids f. esters g. amines

Determine the number of each type of atom in each formula. a. \(\mathrm{Mg}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{BaCl}_{2}\) c. \(\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\)

Determine the number of each type of atom in each formula. a. \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}\) c. \(\mathrm{Al}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}\) d. \(\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}\right)_{2}\)

Classify each compound as ionic or molecular. a. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{NiCl}_{2}\) C. NaI d. \(\mathrm{PCl}_{3}\)

Identify the elements that have molecules as their basic units. a. hydrogen b. iodine c. lead d. oxygen

Classify each compound as ionic or molecular. a. \(\mathrm{CF}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) c. \(\mathrm{PtO}_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}\)

Write a formula for the ionic compound that forms between each pair of elements. a. calcium and oxygen b. zinc and sulfur c. rubidium and bromine d. aluminum and oxygen

Write a formula for the compound that forms between calcium and each polyatomic ion. a. hydroxide b. chromate c. phosphate d. cyanide

Write a formula for the compound that forms between potassium and each polyatomic ion. a. carbonate b. phosphate c. hydrogen phosphate d. acetate

Name each ionic compound. a. \(\mathrm{SnCl}_{4}\) b. \(\mathrm{PbI}_{2}\) c. \(\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\) d. \(\mathrm{Cul}_{2}\) e. \(\mathrm{HgBr}_{2}\) f. \(\mathrm{CrCl}_{2}\)

Give each ionic compound an appropriate name. a. BaS b. \(\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}\) c. \(\mathrm{PbI}_{4}\) d. \(\mathrm{SrBr}_{2}\)

Name each ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion. a. \(\mathrm{CuNO}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)_{2}\) c. \(\mathrm{Ba}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)_{2}\)

Name each ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion. a. \(\mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{I}\) c. \(\mathrm{NaBrO}_{4}\) d. \(\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\)

Write the formula for each ionic compound. a. sodium hydrogen sulfite b. lithium permanganate c. silver nitrate d. potassium sulfate e. rubidium hydrogen sulfate f. potassium hydrogen carbonate

Write the formula for each ionic compound. a. copper(II) chloride b. copper(I) iodate c. lead(II) chromate d. calcium fluoride e. potassium hydroxide f. iron(II) phosphate

Write the name from the formula or the formula from the name for each hydrated ionic compound. a. cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate b. \(\mathrm{BeCl}_{2} \cdot 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) c. chromium(III) phosphate trihydrate d. \(\mathrm{LiNO}_{2} \cdot \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

Name each molecular compound. a. CO b. \(\mathrm{NI}_{3}\) c. \(\mathrm{SiCl}_{4}\) d. \(\mathrm{N}_{4} \mathrm{Se}_{4}\)

Name each molecular compound. a. \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}\) b. \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) c. BrF \(_{5}\). d. NO

Write the formula for each molecular compound. a. phosphorus trichloride b. chlorine monoxide c. disulfur tetrafluoride d. phosphorus pentafluoride

Write the formula for each molecular compound. a. boron tribromide b. dichlorine monoxide c. xenon tetrafluoride d. carbon tetrabromide

Name each acid. a. \(\mathrm{HI}(a q)\) b. \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}(a q)\) c. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(a q)\)

Name each acid. a. \(\mathrm{HCl}(a q)\) b. \(\mathrm{HClO}_{2}(a q)\) c. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(a q)\)

Write the formula for each acid. a. hydrofluoric acid b. hydrobromic acid c. sulfurous acid

Write the formula for each acid. a. phosphoric acid b. hydrocyanic acid c. chlorous acid

Calculate the formula mass for each compound. a. \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10}\) c. \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\) d. \(\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}\)

Calculate the formula mass for each compound. a. \(\mathrm{MgBr}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{HNO}_{2}\) c. \(\mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) d. \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\)

Calculate the number of moles in each sample. a. \(72.5 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) b. \(12.4 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{C}_{12} \mathrm{H}_{22} \mathrm{O}_{11}\) c. \(25.2 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}\) d. \(12.3 \mathrm{~g}\) dinitrogen monoxide

Calculate the mass of each sample. a. \(15.7 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) b. \(1.04 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) c. \(72.1 \mathrm{mmol} \mathrm{SO}_{2}\) d. 1.23 mol xenon difluoride

Determine the number of moles (of molecules or formula units) in each sample. a. \(25.5 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NO}_{2}\) b. \(1.25 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{CO}_{2}\) c. \(38.2 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{KNO}_{3}\) d. \(155.2 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\)

Determine the number of moles (of molecules or formula units) in each sample. a. \(55.98 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{CF}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) b. \(23.6 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\) c. \(0.1187 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{18}\) d. \(195 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{CaO}\)

How many molecules are in each sample? a. \(6.5 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) b. \(389 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) c. \(22.1 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) d. \(19.3 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{CeH}_{10}\)

How many molecules (or formula units) are in each sample? a. \(85.26 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) b. \(55.93 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}\) c. \(119.78 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10}\) d. \(4.59 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\)

Calculate the mass (in g) of each sample. a. \(5.94 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{SO}_{3}\) molecules b. \(2.8 \times 10^{22} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) molecules c. 1 glucose molecule \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\)

Calculate the mass percent composition of carbon in each carbon-containing compound. a. \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) b. \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}\) C. \(C_{2} H_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl}\)

Calculate the mass percent composition of nitrogen in each nitrogen-containing compound. a. \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) b. NO c. \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\)

Most fertilizers consist of nitrogen-containing compounds such as \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}, \mathrm{CO}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{2}\right)_{2}, \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3},\) and \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} .\) Plants use the nitrogen content in these compounds for protein synthesis. Calculate the mass percent composition of nitrogen in each of the fertilizers listed. Which fertilizer has the highest nitrogen content?