Problem 81 - Arihant Objective Approach to Organic Chemistry for IIT JEE and NEET all Medical Entrances Part 4

Question

DNA multiplication is called: (a) translation (b) transduction (c) transcription (d) replication

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The answer is (d) replication.

Step 1: Understanding the Question

The question asks about the process involved in DNA multiplication. It's crucial to know the biological processes related to DNA and genetic information.

Step 2: Review Key Biological Concepts

Know that translation, transcription, and transduction are biological processes related to the synthesis and manipulation of genetic material, but not directly to the multiplication of DNA itself.

Step 3: Defining Replication

Replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. This is the means through which genetic material is multiplied.

Step 4: Selecting the Correct Option

Based on the definition of replication, it is the correct answer to the question of what DNA multiplication is called.

Key Concepts

Genetic Information

Genetic information is essentially the instruction manual for building and maintaining living organisms. This information is encoded in the DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is found in the cells of all living beings. DNA consists of two long strands forming a double helix structure, composed of nucleotides which contain the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
These bases pair specifically (A with T, and C with G) and are crucial for storing and transmitting genetic information. The sequence of these bases determines everything from hair color to enzyme performance within different organisms.
During replication, genetic information is duplicated so that each new cell will have a complete set of instructions. This ensures that genetic attributes and important biological functions are consistently transmitted through generations.

• DNA stores genetic blueprints that guide organism development.
• It transfers hereditary information during reproduction.
• Base pairing is critical for accurate replication processes.

Biological Processes

Biological processes are the activities carried out by cells to maintain life. They encompass a wide range of functions, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and cellular respiration. DNA replication is particularly important as it enables cells to divide and reproduce.
To replicate DNA accurately, several proteins and enzymes, such as helicase and DNA polymerase, work together. Helicase unwinds the DNA helix, while DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the existing strands. This ensures that each new cell has an exact copy of the genetic material.
Replication is a fundamental biological process that supports growth, repair, and reproduction. It is meticulously regulated to prevent errors, which if left unchecked, could lead to genetic mutations.

• Enzymes like helicase and DNA polymerase aid the replication process.
• DNA replication supports growth and cell repair.
• Proper regulation prevents genetic anomalies.

Cell Division

Cell division is a pivotal biological process that allows organisms to grow, develop, and repair damaged tissues. In eukaryotic cells, this process occurs through mitosis (for growth and maintenance) and meiosis (for reproductive cells).
DNA replication happens during the S phase of the cell cycle, before a cell divides. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the original genetic material.
During mitosis, replicated chromosomes are evenly distributed between the two daughter cells, maintaining genetic consistency. Meiosis, however, introduces genetic variability through recombination and independent assortment, which is essential for evolution.

• Cell division allows organisms to grow and heal.
• Ensures distribution of identical genetic material to new cells.
• Meiosis contributes to genetic diversity.