Problem 62 - A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main

Question

Which of the following statements is true? (1) some disinfectants can be used as antiseptics in lower concentrations (2) sulphadiazine is a synthetic antibacterial (3) ampicillin is a natural antibiotic (4) aspirin is an analgesic and an antipyretic (a) 1,2 and 3 (b) 1,2 and 4 (c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 1,3 and 4

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The correct statements are 1, 2, and 4, so the answer is (b).

Step 1: Understanding Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Disinfectants are chemical agents used to eliminate or reduce harmful microorganisms on surfaces. Some disinfectants can be diluted to lower concentrations to be used as antiseptics on living tissues, meaning statement (1) is true.

Step 2: Examining Sulphadiazine

Sulphadiazine is known as a synthetic antibacterial and it is used in the treatment of various infections, particularly in bacterial meningitis. Hence, statement (2) is correct.

Step 3: Analyzing Ampicillin

Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic and is semi-synthetic, meaning it is not natural. Thus, statement (3) is false.

Step 4: Inquiring about Aspirin

Aspirin is widely recognized as both an analgesic (pain reliever) and an antipyretic (fever reducer). Therefore, statement (4) is true.

Step 5: Conclusion on True Statements

The statements that are accurate are (1), (2), and (4). Therefore, option (b) which includes statements 1, 2, and 4 is the correct choice.

Key Concepts

Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Disinfectants and antiseptics are essential tools for controlling infections and preventing the spread of harmful microorganisms. Disinfectants are typically used on non-living surfaces to kill or reduce the number of microbes. However, when diluted to lower concentrations, some disinfectants can become antiseptics, which are safe to use on living tissues, such as skin. This makes them versatile components in both clinical and domestic environments.
Key components of effective disinfection include the correct concentration and application method. Always ensure the right dilution is used to avoid any potential harm when using disinfectants as antiseptics. Moreover, understanding the difference between these two can significantly improve infection control practices.

Synthetic Antibacterial

Synthetic antibacterials are man-made chemicals designed to combat bacterial infections. Sulphadiazine is a prime example of a synthetic antibacterial. It belongs to the class of sulfonamide drugs and is commonly used for treating bacterial infections like meningitis and urinary tract infections.
These drugs are crucial in healthcare as they can be developed to target specific bacteria, reducing the chance of harming beneficial bacteria. Synthetic antibacterials often offer a broader spectrum of activity compared to natural counterparts, providing versatile treatment options for medical professionals.

Natural vs Semi-synthetic Antibiotics

Natural antibiotics are derived directly from natural sources like molds and fungi, while semi-synthetic antibiotics are chemically modified derivatives of natural antibiotics to enhance efficacy and reduce resistance. Ampicillin is a classic example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic.
As a beta-lactam antibiotic, ampicillin is a modified form of the naturally occurring penicillin, granting it a wider spectrum of activity and making it more effective against certain bacteria. The development of semi-synthetic antibiotics is pivotal in overcoming some limitations of natural antibiotics, such as resistance and limited range of action.

Analgesic and Antipyretic Properties

Analgesics and antipyretics are medications that alleviate pain and reduce fever, respectively. Aspirin, a well-known example, is widely used to relieve minor aches and manage fever.
These medications work by inhibiting enzymes in the body that are responsible for pain and fever production. They are essential in medical practices, providing relief from symptoms associated with various aches, pains, and febrile conditions. Understanding their dual properties allows for more effective management of symptoms in patients.

Beta-lactam Antibiotics

Beta-lactam antibiotics are a group of antibiotics that include penicillin derivatives, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. They are characterized by the presence of a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure.
Ampicillin, as a semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic, shows enhanced effectiveness due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. This mechanism of action not only makes them potent against a broad spectrum of bacteria but also crucial in the treatment of bacterial infections. Continuous research into beta-lactam antibiotics aims to combat antibiotic resistance and improve treatment outcomes.