Chapter 15

Explain, in terms of molecules, why the stickiness of eating an orange is easily washed off hands with just plain water, while the greasiness of eating french fries requires soap.

Why are soaps and detergents called surfactants?

What is a micelle? Why is it important in the process of washing?

What is a colloidal suspension? How can you tell if a solution is a normal solution or a colloidal suspension?

Define emulsion and emulsifying agent.

What are the problems associated with using soap in hard water?

What are the advantages of synthetic detergents over soap?

Explain the difference between anionic detergents, cationic detergents, and nonionic detergents.

Define eutrophication.

Explain the role of each of the following in laundrycleaning formulations: a. enzymes b. brighteners c. bleaching agents d. fragrances

Why should drain cleaners and toilet bowl cleaners never be mixed?

What are the three types of interactions that occur within the protein keratin to give hair its shape?

Explain why allowing hair to dry in curlers results in curled hair.

What pigments are responsible for the color of hair?

How do sunscreens protect your skin from the Sun's rays? What does SPF indicate?

How do deodorants help eliminate body odor?

Define each of the following terms: a. monomer b. polymer C. copolymer

What are some of the uses of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene?

What are some of the uses of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene?

Explain why Teflon resists sticking and chemical attack.

Define each of the following: a. thermoplastic b. addition polymer c. condensation polymer d. copolymer e. elastomer f. vulcanization

The hydrochloric acid present in toilet bowl cleaners reacts with the calcium carbonate often deposited in toilet bowls to form calcium ions, carbon dioxide, water, and chlorine ions. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

When air cools at night, water often condenses out of the air to form dew. Explain dew in terms of relative humidity. (Hint: Water will condense out of air when the relative humidity nears \(100 \%\).)

When relative humidity is high, sweat does not easily evaporate from skin. Why?

Give the structure of the monomer from which the following addition polymer is formed: \(-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CHCNCH}_{2} \mathrm{CHCNCH}_{2} \mathrm{CHCN}-\)

Give the structure of the addition polymer that forms from the following monomer: $$ \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} $$

Give the structure of the condensation copolymer made from the following monomers: \(\mathrm{HOOCCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\)

Give the structure of the condensation copolymer made from the following monomers: \(\mathrm{HOOCCH} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\)

One of the advantages of polymers is their inertness. In contrast to metals such as iron (which rusts over time) or paper and cardboard (which decompose), plastic resists chemical attack. Explain why this advantage can also be a problem. For what other kinds of compounds has this been a problem?

Many consumer products are used once and then disposed. Some will be used for only a few minutes and then will sit in a landfill for many years. Can you think of any products like this? Are there any environmentally friendlier alternatives to the products you thought of?