Chapter 4

How many bonds are usually formed by each element? a. sulfur b. hydrogen C. nitrogen d. phosphorus

How many bonds does oxygen tend to form? What combinations of bonds (single, double, triple) can it have?

How many bonds does carbon tend to form? What combinations of bonds (single, double, triple) can it have?

What is the "ideal" bond angle in a tetrahedral \(\left(\mathrm{AB}_{4}\right)\) molecule? How does that change in trigonal pyramidal \(\left(\mathrm{AB}_{3} \mathrm{E}\right)\) ? Bent \(\left(\mathrm{AB}_{2} \mathrm{E}_{2}\right) ?\)

What is the ideal bond angle for trigonal planar \(\left(\mathrm{AB}_{3}\right)\) molecules? What would be the expected bond angle for a bent \(\left(\mathrm{AB}_{2} \mathrm{E}\right)\) molecule?

Draw a molecule which contains an ester, an alcohol, and an aldehyde.