Chapter 20

A hydrostatic skeleton consists of ______. a. a fluid in an enclosed space b. hardened plates at the surface of a body c. internal hard parts d. none of the above

Bones are ________. a. mineral reservoirs c. sites where blood cells b. skeletal muscle's \(\quad\) form (some bones only) partners d. all of the above

The human backbone _________. a. consists of vertebrae and intervertebral cartilage disks b. is S-shaped c. encloses the spinal cord d. all of the above

Bones move when _________ muscles contract. a. cardiac c. smooth b. skeletal d. all of the above

A ligament connects ____________. a. bones at a joint c. a muscle to a tendon b. a muscle to a bone d. a tendon to bone

The knee is a ___________. a. hinge-type synovial joint b. fibrous joint c. cartilaginous joint d. ball-and-socket type of synovial joint

A vertebrate skeletal muscle ____________. a. contracts in response to signals from a motor neuron b. pushes against and moves a bone c. is an involuntary muscle d. none of the above

A sarcomere shortens when _____________. a. thick filaments shorten b. thin filaments shorten c. both thick and thin filaments shorten d. none of the above

Release of ___________ reticulum allows actin and myosin filaments to interact. a. myoglobin c. calcium ions b. potassium ions d. collagen

Binding of ATP to __________ activates it and prepares this protein to take part in muscle contraction. a. actin c. collagen b. myosin d. myostatin

ATP for muscle contraction can be formed by ___________. a. aerobic respiration c. creatine phosphate breakdown b. lactate fermentation d. all of the above

A red muscle fiber _________. a. contains myoglobin b. produces ATP mainly by lactate fermentation c. has relatively few mitochondria d. fatigues faster than a white fiber

Red marrow ___________. a. is the outermost layer of long bones b. fills the shaft of most long bones c. consists mainly of fat d. produces blood cells

Match each bone with its description. ______femur ______radius ______vertebra ______sternum ______cranial bones a. part of skull b. thighbone c. segment of backbone d. breastbone e. forearm bone

Match the words with their definitions. ______myoglobin ______myostatin ______myosin ______collagen ______osteoporosis ______polio ______muscular dystrophy ______tendon ______triceps ______aerobic respiration ______lactate fermentation a. genetic disorder of muscles b. makes ATP; requires oxygen c. decline in bone density d. binds and releases oxygen e. virus harms motor neurons f. slows muscle protein production g. motor protein of a sarcomere h.makes ATP without oxygen I. main protein in bones I. opposes action of biceps k. connects a muscle to a bone