Chapter 19

According to the big bang theory, ______. a. the universe expanded out from a single point b. Earth and our sun formed simultaneously c. carbon and oxygen were the first elements to form d. all of the above

An abundance of _____ in Earth's early atmosphere would have interfered with assembly of organic compounds. a. carbon dioxide b. ammonia c. water d. oxygen

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that _____. a. Earth is more than 4 billion years old b. under some conditions, amino acids can assemble spontaneously c. oxygen is necessary for all life d. DNA is less stable than RNA

According to one hypothesis, negatively charged clay particles played a role in early _____. a. protein formation b. DNA replication c. photosynthesis d. oxygen declines

The prevalence of ______ in living organisms is taken as support for the idea that life arose near deep-sea vents. a. mitochondria b. iron-sulfide cofactors c. DNA d. a plasma membrane

An RNA that functions as an enzyme is a ______. a. protein b. protocell c. ribosome d. ribozyme

Among prokaryotes, only the cyanobacteria ______. a. live near hydrothermal vents b. produce oxygen during photosynthesis c. cannot tolerate oxygen d. have a nucleus-like structure

The evolution of _____ resulted in an increase in the levels of atmospheric oxygen. a. DNA-based genomes b. aerobic respiration c. sexual reproduction d. photosynthesis that releases oxygen

Bacteria that cause the disease typhus are close relatives of bacteria that evolved into ______. a. protists b. protocells c. chloroplasts d. mitochondria

Infoldings of the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of some ancestral cells may have evolved into the _____. a. nuclear envelope b. ER membranes c. primary cell wall d. both a and b

A stromatolite is a structure ______. a. produced by endosymbiosis b. that formed only on the early Earth c. consisting of layered bacteria and sediment d. that expels hot water from deep in the Earth

The first eukaryotes were ______. a. fungi b. plants c. protists d. animals

Evidence that Mars ______ suggests that it may have supported or still supports life. a. has an ozone layer b. has water c. is about the same size as Earth d. all of the above

Chronologically arrange the evolutionary events, with 1 being the earliest and 6 the most recent. _____1 _____2 _____3 _____4 _____5 _____6 a. onset of oxygen-releasing pathway of photosynthesis b. origin of mitochondria c. origin of protocells d. emergence of the first eukaryotes e. origin of chloroplasts f. the big bang