Chapter 22

Which of the following was in very short supply in the environment of early Earth? a. lightning b. volcanoes c. gaseous oxygen \(\left(\mathrm{O}_{2}\right)\) d. UV radiation

The earliest cells were a. prokaryotic. b. eukaryotic. c. present more than 10 billion years ago. d. part of multicellular organisms.

Which of the following does not produce variation in populations? a. bottleneck effect b. mutation c. crossing over d. independent assortment

Which of the following occurs when fertile individuals move into and out of populations? a. genetic drift b. speciation c. mutation d. gene flow

Which of the following features of an organism would promote fossilization? a. terrestrial existence b. member of a small population c. soft body parts d. aquatic existence

Which of the following is not characteristic of primates? a. high parental investment in a small number of young b. forward-facing eyes c. claws d. grasping feet and hands

Choose the incorrect statement. a. Humans descended from chimpanzees. b. Whereas chimps are primarily quadrupedal knuckle-walkers, humans have a bipedal gait. c. Chimps are more arboreal than humans, and this is reflected in their longer and stronger arms. d. Chimps, but not humans, have opposable big toes.

Which of the following primates is our closest living relative? a. gorilla b. orangutan c. chimpanzee d. gibbon

The Out of Africa hypothesis suggests a. multiple origins for modern humans. b. that Cro-Magnons outcompeted Neanderthals and forced them out of Africa. c. that modern humans evolved in an orderly, stepwise fashion. d. a single origin for all \(H\). sapiens.

Which of the following is not a trend in human evolution? a. increases in brain volume b. decreased sexual dimorphism in body size c. more prominent brow ridges and crests on skull d. change from arboreal to terrestrial existence

Which hominin was probably the first to migrate out of Africa? a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Homo sapiens c. Homo erectus d. Australopithecus africamus

Where did the major events of human evolution occur? a. Africa b. South America c. Europe d. North America

Which of the following hominin characteristics evolved the earliest? a. bipedalism b. large brain c. language d. use of fire