Chapter 8

Oberta consumes \(10,460 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of energy per day and has a total TEE of \(9623 \mathrm{~kJ}\). Is Oberta in positive or negative energy balance?

Briefly define atrophic gastritis. Include the primary cause and the treatment for this disorder in the elderly. What effects does atrophic gastritis have on digestion?

Describe how the time-dependent loss of stereocilia affects hearing. Include in your description how the physical properties of a sound wave are converted into neural signals that the brain uses to interpret sound.

What are AGEs, and how might they cause functional alterations in proteins and other biological structures?

Define the process of accommodation in the mechanism of focusing by the eye. What factors lead to time-dependent changes in accommodation, and what is the visual result of these changes?

Briefly explain how time-dependent changes in the acquired immune system can result in a less effective response to vaccines.

Briefly describe the factors that lead to an increase in wound healing time in older people.

Define glomerular filtration rate, and explain why time-dependent changes in the kidney's blood flow result in declining GFR.

What are the two time-dependent changes that trigger the start of menopause?