Chapter 18

Describe Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experiment on laboratory simulation of prebiotic evolution.

How is the age of a fossil determined?

Explain the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Name two advantages of multicellularity for plants and two for animals.

What advantages and disadvantages would terrestrial existence have had for the first plants to invade the land? For the first land animals?

Outline the major adaptations that emerged during the evolution of vertebrates from fish to amphibians to reptiles to birds and mammals. Explain how these adaptations increased the fitness of the various groups for life on land.

Outline the evolution of humans from early primates. Include in your discussion such features as binocular vision, grasping hands, bipedal locomotion, toolmaking, and brain expansion.