Chapter 21

Why does the relation between phenotype and genotype matter in evolution?

What is a neutral mutation and what evolutionary mechanism causes it to change in frequency over time?

Define genetic variation and explain how it can be measured.

How would you calculate the allele frequencies for a two-allele trait in a population if given the genotype frequencies?

Can evolution occur without allele frequency changes? If not, why not? If so, how?

Describe what happens to allele and genotype frequencies under the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium.

Name the five assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and, for each one, explain what happens in a population in which that condition is not met.

How would you calculate genotype frequencies of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, given the allele frequencies of that trait?

Define natural selection and explain how it is different from other mechanisms of evolution.

Explain how a molecular clock can be used to determine the time of divergence of two species.