Chapter 33

Imagine a world in which mosses, liverworts, and hornworts formed a monophyletic group, How would your ability to infer What the first land plants looked like be affected?

Describe three environments that allow bryophytes to coexist with vascular plants.

Describe the habitats in which hycophytes are found today.

List three ways that ferns, which lack secondary growth, are able to elevate their leaves and thus access more sunlight.

Describe how fern diversity has been affected by the evolution of the angiosperms.

Contrast the ways in which the evolution of angiosperms has affected the distribution of cycads and of conifers.

Explain bow xylem produced by conifers differs from that of angiosperms and how that difference may have influenced the present-day distribution of conifers.

Compare the movement of pollen in an animal-pollinated angiosperm and a wind- pollinated conifer, noting what features of angiosperm reproduction increase the efficiency for lower the costs) of pollen transfer.

Name several features that might account for the diversity and success of angiosperms and discuss possible advantages or these features.