Chapter 53

A community and its abiotic environment best defines a(an) (a) biogeochemical cycle (b) biosphere (c) ecosystem (d) food web (e) trophic level.

The movement of matter is ___________ in ecosystems, and the movement of energy is ___________. (a) linear; linear (b) linear; cyclic (c) cyclic; cyclic (d) cyclic; linear (e) cyclic; linear or cyclic.

A complex of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem is called a(an): (a) ecosystem (b) pyramid of numbers (c) pyramid of biomass (d) biosphere (e) food web.

Which of the following shows the correct flow of energy through ecosystems? (a) sun \(\longrightarrow\) primary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) secondary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) producer (b) sun \(\longrightarrow\) producer \(\longrightarrow\) secondary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) primary consumer \((\mathrm{c})\) sun \(\longrightarrow\) secondary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) primary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) producer \((\mathrm{d})\) sun \(\longrightarrow\) producer \(\longrightarrow\) primary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) secondary consumer (e) sun \(\longrightarrow\) primary consumer \(\longrightarrow\) producer \(\longrightarrow\) secondary consumer.

The quantitative estimate of the total amount of living material is called (a) biomass (b) energy flow (c) gross primary productivity (d) plant respiration (e) net primary productivity.

Which of the following equations shows the relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity \((\mathrm{NPP}) ?(\mathrm{a}) \mathrm{GPP}=\mathrm{NPP}-\) photosynthesis (b) \(\mathrm{NPP}=\mathrm{GPP}-\) photosynthesis (c) \(\mathrm{GPP}=\) NPP - plant respiration (d) \(\mathrm{NPP}=\) GPP - plant respiration (e) \(\mathrm{NPP}=\mathrm{GPP}-\) animal respiration.

Which of the following processes increase(s) the amount of atmospheric carbon in the carbon cycle? (a) photosynthesis (b) cellular respiration (c) combustion (d) both a and c (e) both b and c.

In the carbon cycle, carbon is found in (a) limestone rock (b) oil, coal, and natural gas (c) living organisms (d) the atmosphere (e) all of these contain carbon.

In the nitrogen cycle, gaseous nitrogen is converted to ammonia during (a) nitrogen fixation (b) nitrification (c) assimilation (d) ammonification (e) denitrification.

The conversion of ammonia to nitrate, known as ___________, is a two-step process performed by soil bacteria. (a) nitrogen fixation (b) nitrification (c) assimilation (d) ammonification (e) denitrification.

This biogeochemical cycle does not have a gaseous component but cycles from the land to sediments in the ocean and back to the land. (a) carbon cycle (b) nitrogen cycle (c) phosphorus cycle (d) hydrologic cycle (e) neither a nor c have a gaseous component.

Which of the following processes is not directly involved in the hydrologic cycle? (a) transpiration (b) evaporation (c) precipitation (d) nitrification (e) condensation.

The ___________, which results from the rotation of Earth, displaces the paths of atmospheric and oceanic currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. (a) upwelling (b) prevailing wind (c) ocean current (d) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (e) Coriolis effect

The periodic warming of surface waters of the tropical East Pacific that alters both oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns is known as (a) upwelling (b) prevailing wind (c) ocean current (d) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (e) Coriolis effect

A mountain range may produce a downwind arid (a) upwelling (b) rain shadow (c) ocean current (d) microclimate (e) ecological pyramid.

Which of the following is an example of top-down processes? (a) killer whales in the North Pacific have reduced the number of sea otters, thereby causing an increase in the number of sea urchins and a decline in kelp populations (b) experiments at Hubbard Brook have addressed the hydrology of forests and associated aquatic ecosystems (c) one tree provides food for thousands of insects (d) in African grasslands, the number of herbivores is greater than the number of carnivores (e) the bioaccumulation of DDT in a Long Island salt marsh.