Chapter 6

Which of the following does not describe an effect that the Moon has had on Earth? a. limiting the wobble in Earth's spin b. lengthening Earth's day c. creating the tides d. stabilizing Earth's climate e. decreasing Earth's orbital speed

Which of the following items describe(s) features of Earth believed to be unique among the eight planets in our Solar System? Choose all that apply. a. presence of life b. liquid water on surface c. solid surface d. presence of one or more moons e. presence of an atmosphere

Where is solid material found in the layers of Earth's structure? a. crust only b. continents only c. crust and inner core d. crust and outer core e. mantle and core

In which of the following ways are Earth and the Moon similar? Choose all that apply. a. length of the orbital period around the Sun b. relative sizes of structural layers c. length of day d. geologic activity e. kinds of material that make up each world

The distance from New York City to Tokyo, Japan, is \(10,787 \mathrm{km}\). If you traveled downward through Earth that distance, where would you find yourself? a. in the crust b. in the mantle c. in the liquid core d. in the solid core e. outside Earth

When volcanoes erupt, the spewed material comes from which layer(s) of Earth? Choose all that apply. a. crust b. mantle c. molten core d. solid core e. ocean floor

Which of the following is/are considered evidence of tectonic plates? Choose all that apply. a. matching fossils in separated landmasses b. the shapes of the continents c. convection in the mantle d. observed motion of the continents e. distribution of hurricanes

Arrange the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the correct order of increasing altitude. a. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere b. ionosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere c. stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, ionosphere d. troposphere, ionosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere e. stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, ionosphere

Earth's first atmosphere escaped because of a. the planet's low density. b. the planet's high temperature. c. lack of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) d. the high velocity of Earth's spin. e. violent winds.

The temperature at Earth's surface directly depends on which of the following? Choose all that apply. a. the amount of energy received from the Sun b. the presence of radio waves in the Sun's spectrum c. the concentration of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) d. the concentration of \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) e. the presence of cosmic rays at the surface

The Moon's surface shows more cratering than Earth's because a. it was hit more than Earth because of its location. b. it formed earlier than Earth, when more debris was present in the Solar System. c. its surface is softer and thus less resistant to cratering. d. the forces that resurface Earth do not exist on the Moon. e. Earth deflected Solar System debris, which then bombarded the Moon.

Which of the following features may occur when an object impacts a world, causing a crater? Choose all that apply. a. rays b. a peak c. terracing d. a surface fracture e. dust in the atmosphere

Which of the following statements regarding magnetic fields is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. Earth's North Pole has always been the magnetic north pole. b. The presence of a magnetic field implies the presence of a solid iron core. c. Any large, rotating body will have a magnetic field. d. Earth's magnetic field protects it from the solar wind. e. Earth's magnetosphere is symmetric.

Which of the following statements about the Moon is true? a. The side of the Moon not visible from Earth is always dark. b. The two hemispheres of the Moon (near and far) are symmetric in structure and similar in appearance. c. Maria appear only on the near side of the Moon. d. Most of the Moon's craters have disappeared because of weathering effects. e. An impact crater always takes the exact shape of the object that created it by striking the Moon.

The strongest tides occur at what Moon phase \((\mathrm{s})\) ? Choose all that apply. a. first quarter b. waxing crescent c. full Moon d. third quarter e. new Moon

If Earth were tidally locked with the Sun but the Moon's orbital period remained as it is now, what would be the frequency of high lunar tides experienced on Earth? a. once per year b. twice per year c. once per lunar orbit d. twice per lunar orbit e. The frequency cannot be predicted from the information given.

True/False: If the Sun were cooler but Earth's temperature was the same, on average, as it is today, a weaker greenhouse effect could be the cause.

True/False: The greenhouse effect has been detrimental to life on Earth throughout its evolution.

If there were no convection in the mantle, how might Earth's geologic history have differed?

What are the possible outcomes when two tectonic plates interact?

How does Earth's magnetic field protect life on the planet?

3\. If Earth were the size of a basketball (roughly \(75 \mathrm{cm},\) or 30 inches, in circumference \(,\) what objects might approximate the size of the Moon?

How long is a day on the Moon? In other words, how long does one cycle of day and night last?

What is required for a world to have a magnetosphere? Describe the shape of Earth's magnetosphere.

How does an aurora occur?

What does the degree of cratering tell astronomers about the timing of events that shaped the Moon's surface?

What are the three hypotheses regarding how Earth acquired the Moon? Describe the model that is generally accepted today as the valid one.

What are some of the arguments presented by those who believe climate change cannot be created or influenced by humanity?

Gravity decreases with the square of the distance between objects. How much greater is the force of gravity by the Moon on the side of Earth closer to it versus the opposite side of Earth? Use an average distance of \(384,400 \mathrm{km}\) from the Moon's center to Earth's center, and a diameter for Earth of \(12,756 \mathrm{km}\). Give your answer as a percentage.

The escape velocity for Earth's Moon is \(2.38 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}\). Calculate the escape velocity, in kilometers per second, for a moon with radius 2,173 \(\mathrm{km}\) and mass \(1.1 \times 10^{23} \mathrm{kg}\)

By what factor would the gravitational force between Earth and the Moon be greater if the mass of each body were twice as great and the distance were half as great as they are today?

A rock sample is determined to have a concentration of uranium- 238 (U-238) that is consistent with 0.5 half-life having passed. What percentage of \(\mathrm{U}-238\) remains, and how old is the rock?

An analysis of a rock sample indicates that \(12.5 \%\) of the expected concentration of \(\mathrm{U}-238\) remains. How many half-lives have passed, and how old is the rock?

A planet has a mass twice that of Earth and a radius 1.5 times Earth's. What is its escape velocity? Is this planet likely to have retained hydrogen in its atmosphere if the temperature is \(350 \mathrm{K}\) ?

Would oxygen be retained in the atmosphere of a planet whose surface temperature was \(250 \mathrm{K}\) and whose escape velocity was \(4.6 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}\) ? (Molecular oxygen is 32 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.)