Chapter 8

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// fractures) to see how fractures of the distal radius bone can affect the wrist joint. Explain the problems that may occur if a fracture of the distal radius involves the joint surface of the radiocarpal joint of the wrist.

Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org///handbone) to explore the bones and joints of the hand. What are the three arches of the hand, and what is the importance of these during the gripping of an object?

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// 3Dpelvis) for a 3-D view of the pelvis and its associated ligaments. What is the large opening in the bony pelvis, located between the ischium and pubic regions, and what two parts of the pubis contribute to the formation of this opening?

Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ limbbuds) to follow the development and growth of the upper and lower limb buds. On what days of embryonic development do these events occur: (a) first appearance of the upper limb bud (limb ridge); (b) the flattening of the distal limb to form the handplate or footplate; and (c) the beginning of limb rotation?

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium? a. shaft b. sternal end c. acromial end d. coracoid process

A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________. a. glenohumeral joint b. costoclavicular joint c. acromioclavicular joint d. sternoclavicular joint

Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula? a. suprascapular notch b. glenoid cavity c. superior angle d. supraspinous fossa

What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula? a. acromion b. coracoid process C. supraglenoid tubercle d. glenoid cavity

Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly. a. acromial process b. clavicle c. coracoid process d. glenoid fossa

How many bones are there in the upper limbs combined? a. 20 b. 30 C. 40 d. 60

Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus? a. greater tubercle b. trochlea c. lateral epicondyle d. lesser tubercle

Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint? a. trochlea b. styloid process c. capitulum d. olecranon process

Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row? a. trapezium b. hamate C. pisiform d. scaphoid

The radius bone ________. a. is found on the medial side of the forearm b. has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna c. does not articulate with any of the carpal bones d. has the radial tuberosity located near its distal end

How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone? a. ilium b. pubis C. ischium d. sacrum

Which of the following supports body weight when sitting? a. iliac crest b. ischial tuberosity c. ischiopubic ramus d. pubic body

The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures? a. inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus b. pectineal line and arcuate line c. lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch d. anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine

The pelvis _______. a. has a subpubic angle that is larger in females b. consists of the two hip bones, but does not include the sacrum or coccyx C. has an obturator foramen, an opening that is defined in part by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments d. has a space located inferior to the pelvic brim called the greater pelvis

Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments? a. fovea capitis b. lesser trochanter C. head d. medial condyle

What structure contributes to the knee joint? a. lateral malleolus of the fibula b. tibial tuberosity c. medial condyle of the tibia d. lateral epicondyle of the femur

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula? a. calcaneus b. cuboid C. navicular d. talus

What is the total number of bones found in the foot and toes? a. 7 b. 14 c. 26 d. 30

The tibia ________. a. has an expanded distal end called the lateral malleolus b. is not a weight-bearing bone C. is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane d. can be palpated (felt) under the skin only at its proximal and distal ends

Which event takes place during the seventh week of development? a. appearance of the upper and lower limb buds b. flattening of the distal limb bud into a paddle shape c. the first appearance of hyaline cartilage models of future bones d. the rotation of the limbs

During endochondral ossification of a long bone, _______. a. a primary ossification center will develop within the epiphysis b. mesenchyme will differentiate directly into bone tissue C. growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening d. all epiphyseal plates will disappear before birth

The clavicle __________. a. develops via intramembranous ossification b. develops via endochondral ossification C. is the last bone of the body to begin ossification d. is fully ossified at the time of birth

Describe the shape and palpable line formed by the clavicle and scapula.

Discuss two possible injuries of the pectoral girdle that may occur following a strong blow to the shoulder or a hard fall onto an outstretched hand.

Your friend runs out of gas and you have to help push his car. Discuss the sequence of bones and joints that convey the forces passing from your hand, through your upper limb and your pectoral girdle, and to your axial skeleton.

Describe the articulations and ligaments that unite the four bones of the pelvis to each other.

Discuss the ways in which the female pelvis is adapted for childbirth.

Define the regions of the lower limb, name the bones found in each region, and describe the bony landmarks that articulate together to form the hip, knee, and ankle joints.

The talus bone of the foot receives the weight of the body from the tibia. The talus bone then distributes this weight toward the ground in two directions: one-half of the body weight is passed in a posterior direction and one-half of the weight is passed in an anterior direction. Describe the arrangement of the tarsal and metatarsal bones that are involved in both the posterior and anterior distribution of body weight.