Chapter 6

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? a. storage of minerals b. protection of internal organs C. facilitation of movement d. fat storage

Bone tissue can be described as _______ . a. dead calcified tissue b. cartilage c. the skeletal system d. dense, hard connective tissue

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ______ . a. store phosphate b. store calcium c. make blood cells d. move like levers

Yellow marrow has been identified as ______ . a. an area of fat storage b. a point of attachment for muscles c. the hard portion of bone d. the cause of kyphosis

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement? a. hematopoiesis b. cartilage c. yellow marrow d. red marrow

The skeletal system is made of _____ . a. muscles and tendons b. bones and cartilage c. vitreous humor d. minerals and fat

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as _____ . a. flat bones b. short bones c. sesamoid bones d. irregular bones

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _____ . a. joints b. muscles C. ligaments d. tendons

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as bones. a. irregular b. sesamoid c. flat d. short

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? a. long bone b. sesamoid bone c. short bone d. flat bone

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ____ . a. counterweight b. resistive force C. lever d. fulcrum

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? a. bone growth b. bone remodeling C. hematopoiesis d. shock absorption

The diaphysis contains ____ . a. the metaphysis b. fat stores c. spongy bone d. compact bone

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the a. periosteum b. epiphysis c. endosteum d. diaphysis

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? a. osteoblasts and osteoclasts b. osteocytes and osteoclasts c. osteoblasts and osteocytes d. osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? a. osteoblasts b. osteoclasts c. osteocytes d. osteoprogenitor cells

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone? a. Haversian systems b. Haversian canals c. lamellae d. lacunae

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? a. canaliculi b. Volkmann's canals C. trabeculae d. calcium salts

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a. a hole b. a facet C. a canal d. a fissure

Why is cartilage slow to heal? a. because it eventually develops into bone b. because it is semi-solid and flexible c. because it does not have a blood supply d. because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? a. They develop from mesenchymal cells. b. They are surrounded by osteoid. c. They travel through the capillaries. d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? a. They develop into osteocytes. b. They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity. c. They grow and form the periosteum. d. They group together to form the primary ossification center.

Bones grow in length due to activity in the a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum d. medullary cavity

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation a. in the medullary cavity b. beneath the periosteum c. in the epiphyseal plate d. within the metaphysis

A fracture can be both ____ . a. open and closed b. open and transverse C. transverse and greenstick d. greenstick and comminuted

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? a. The bone pierces fat stores in the skin. b. The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged. c. The injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones. d. The red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.

In a compound fracture, a. the break occurs at an angle to the bone b. the broken bone does not tear the skin C. one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other d. broken bone pierces the skin

The internal and external calli are replaced by a. hyaline cartilage b. trabecular bone c. osteogenic cells d. osteoclasts

Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that a. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left. b. a right-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left. c. a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture. d. a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete.

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if is lacking. a. vitamin \(\mathrm{D}\) b. \(\quad\) vitamin \(\mathrm{K}\) c. calcitonin d. fluoride

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health? a. carrots b. liver c. leafy green vegetables d. oranges

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. growth hormone and parathyroid hormone d. thyroxine and progesterone

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. estrogen and progesterone d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? a. skeletal system b. endocrine system C. digestive system d. nervous system

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin \(\mathrm{D}\)

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin \(\mathrm{D}\)

The skeletal system is composed of bone and cartilage and has many functions. Choose three of these functions and discuss what features of the skeletal system allow it to accomplish these functions.

What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?

What are the structural and functional differences between the femur and the patella?

If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?

In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?

In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?

Considering how a long bone develops, what are the similarities and differences between a primary and a secondary ossification center?

What is the difference between closed reduction and open reduction? In what type of fracture would closed reduction most likely occur? In what type of fracture would open reduction most likely occur?

If you were a dietician who had a young female patient with a family history of osteoporosis, what foods would you suggest she include in her diet? Why?

During the early years of space exploration our astronauts, who had been floating in space, would return to earth showing significant bone loss dependent on how long they were in space. Discuss how this might happen and what could be done to alleviate this condition.

An individual with very low levels of vitamin \(\mathrm{D}\) presents themselves to you complaining of seemingly fragile bones. Explain how these might be connected.

Describe the effects caused when the parathyroid gland fails to respond to calcium bound to its receptors.