Chapter 4

How do somatic stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?

Where in the body would one find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

In looking through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle?

What are the main parts of a nerve cell?

What is a tumor?

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ___________. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ___________. a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified C. simple squamous d. transitional

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a. transitional b. stratified columnar C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous

The ___________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ___________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine C. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ___________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon C. bone d. hyaline cartilage

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue C. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ___________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme C. ectoderm d. endoderm

In bone, the main cells are ___________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ___________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only C. Smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ___________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm C. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. nuclei b. striations C. golgi bodies d. mitochondria

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ___________. a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes C. astrocytes d. microglia

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ___________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon C. microglia d. Collagen fiber

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. neuroglia C. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat C. fever d. swelling

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a. collagen b. histamine C. hyaluronic acid d. meylin

Atrophy refers to ___________. a. loss of elasticity b. loss of mass C. loss of rigidity d. loss of permeability

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ___________. a. diet b. exercise C. genetic factors d. stress

Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.

What is the function of synovial membranes?

The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of individual cells and tissue arrangement of the intestine lining matches its main function, to absorb nutrients.

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

Why does skeletal muscle look striated?

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by downregulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking antiinflammatory drugs on a regular basis?

As an individual ages, a constellation of symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual's functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation.

Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.